{
  "id": "upanishads/chandogya.2.18.1",
  "url": "https://vedyatra.org/verses/upanishads/chandogya.2.18.1/",
  "work": {
    "key": "upanishads",
    "title": "Upaniṣads"
  },
  "ref": "chandogya.2.18.1",
  "speaker": "Chāndogya Upaniṣad",
  "sanskrit": {
    "text": "अजा हिङ्कारोऽवयः प्रस्तावो गाव उद्गीथोऽश्वाः प्रतिहारः पुरुषो निधनमेता पशुषु प्रोताः ॥ २.१८.१ ॥",
    "script": "Deva",
    "accented": false
  },
  "transliteration": {
    "text": "ajā hiṅkāro'vayaḥ prastāvo gāva udgītho'śvāḥ pratihāraḥ puruṣo nidhanametā paśuṣu protāḥ || 2.18.1 ||",
    "scheme": "IAST"
  },
  "words": [
    {
      "word": "ajā",
      "meaning": "goat",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "hiṅkāraḥ",
      "meaning": "the hiṅkāra (opening sound of the chant)",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "avayaḥ",
      "meaning": "sheep",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "prastāvaḥ",
      "meaning": "the prastāva (introductory part of the chant)",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "gāvaḥ",
      "meaning": "cows",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "udgīthaḥ",
      "meaning": "the udgītha (main sung part)",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "aśvāḥ",
      "meaning": "horses",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "pratihāraḥ",
      "meaning": "the pratihāra (refrain)",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "puruṣaḥ",
      "meaning": "the human being",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "nidhanam",
      "meaning": "the nidhana (closing part)",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "etāḥ",
      "meaning": "these",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "paśuṣu",
      "meaning": "among animals",
      "lang": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "protāḥ",
      "meaning": "woven, strung",
      "lang": "en"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "lang": "hi",
      "text": "बकरी हिङ्कार है, भेड़ें प्रस्ताव हैं, गायें उद्गीथ हैं, घोड़े प्रतिहार हैं, पुरुष निधन है। ये (साम के अंग) पशुओं में पिरोए हुए हैं।",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "ta",
      "text": "ஆடு ஹிங்காரம்; செம்மறியாடுகள் பிரஸ்தாவம்; பசுக்கள் உத்கீதம்; குதிரைகள் பிரதிஹாரம்; மனிதன் நிதனம். இவை விலங்குகளில் கோக்கப்பட்டவை.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "te",
      "text": "మేకలు హింకారం, గొఱ్ఱెలు ప్రస్తావం, ఆవులు ఉద్గీథం, గుఱ్ఱాలు ప్రతిహారం, పురుషుడు నిధనం. ఇవి పశువులలో గుచ్చబడినవి.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "kn",
      "text": "ಮೇಕೆ ಹಿಂಕಾರ, ಕುರಿ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾವ, ಹಸು ಉದ್ಗೀಥ, ಕುದುರೆ ಪ್ರತಿಹಾರ, ಪುರುಷ ನಿಧನ. ಇವು ಪಶುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪೋಣಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿವೆ.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "ml",
      "text": "ആട് ഹിങ്കാരം; ചെമ്മരിയാട് പ്രസ്താവം; പശു ഉദ്ഗീഥം; കുതിര പ്രതിഹാരം; പുരുഷൻ നിധനം. ഇവ മൃഗങ്ങളിൽ കോർക്കപ്പെട്ടവയാണ്.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "bn",
      "text": "ছাগী হিঙ্কার, ভেড়া প্রস্তাব, গাভী উদ্গীথ, ঘোড়া প্রতিহার, পুরুষ নিধন। এগুলি পশুদের মধ্যে গাঁথা রয়েছে।",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "mr",
      "text": "शेळी हिंकार, मेंढ्या प्रस्ताव, गायी उद्गीथ, घोडे प्रतिहार, पुरुष निधन. हे पशूंमध्ये गुंफलेले आहेत.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "gu",
      "text": "બકરી હિંકાર છે, ઘેટાં પ્રસ્તાવ છે, ગાયો ઉદ્ગીથ છે, ઘોડા પ્રતિહાર છે, પુરુષ નિધન છે. આ પશુઓમાં પરોવાયેલા છે.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "pa",
      "text": "ਬੱਕਰੀ ਹਿੰਕਾਰ ਹੈ, ਭੇਡਾਂ ਪ੍ਰਸਤਾਵ ਹਨ, ਗਾਵਾਂ ਉਦਗੀਥ ਹਨ, ਘੋੜੇ ਪ੍ਰਤਿਹਾਰ ਹਨ, ਪੁਰਸ਼ ਨਿਧਨ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਪਸ਼ੂਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਰੋਏ ਹੋਏ ਹਨ।",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "or",
      "text": "ଛେଳି ହିଙ୍କାର, ମେଷ ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ, ଗାଈ ଉଦ୍ଗୀଥ, ଘୋଡା ପ୍ରତିହାର, ପୁରୁଷ ନିଧନ। ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପଶୁମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଗୁନ୍ଥା ଯାଇଛି।",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "ur",
      "text": "بکری ہنکار ہے، بھیڑیں پرستاو ہیں، گائیں ادگیتھ ہیں، گھوڑے پرتیہار ہیں، پرش نِدھن ہے۔ یہ جانوروں میں پروئے ہوئے ہیں۔",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "text": "The goat is the hiṅkāra, the sheep the prastāva, the cows the udgītha, the horses the pratihāra, and the human being the nidhana. These are strung through the animals.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "text": "La cabra es el hiṅkāra, la oveja el prastāva, las vacas el udgītha, los caballos el pratihāra y el ser humano el nidhana. Estos están ensartados en los animales.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "fr",
      "text": "La chèvre est le hiṅkāra, la brebis le prastāva, les vaches l'udgītha, les chevaux le pratihāra et l'être humain le nidhana. Ils sont enfilés dans les animaux.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "de",
      "text": "Die Ziege ist das hiṅkāra, das Schaf das prastāva, die Kühe das udgītha, die Pferde das pratihāra und der Mensch das nidhana. Diese sind in die Tiere eingereiht.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "pt",
      "text": "A cabra é o hiṅkāra, a ovelha o prastāva, as vacas o udgītha, os cavalos o pratihāra e o ser humano o nidhana. Estes estão enfiados nos animais.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "ru",
      "text": "Коза — это хинкара, овца — прастава, коровы — удгитха, лошади — пратихара, а человек — нидхана. Они нанизаны на животных.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "zh",
      "text": "山羊是嗡喝拉（hiṅkāra），绵羊是普拉斯塔瓦（prastāva），牛是乌德吉塔（udgītha），马是普拉提哈拉（pratihāra），人是尼丹那（nidhana）。它们贯穿于诸牲畜之中。",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "ja",
      "text": "山羊はヒンカーラ、羊はプラスターヴァ、牛はウドギータ、馬はプラティハーラ、人間はニダーナである。これらは家畜の中に貫かれている。",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "ar",
      "text": "الماعز هو الهنكارا، والأغنام هي البراستافا، والأبقار هي الأُدغيثا، والخيول هي البراتيهارا، والإنسان هو النيدهانا. وهذه مُنظومة في الحيوانات.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "id",
      "text": "Kambing adalah hiṅkāra, domba adalah prastāva, sapi adalah udgītha, kuda adalah pratihāra, dan manusia adalah nidhana. Semua ini terangkai pada hewan-hewan.",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    },
    {
      "lang": "th",
      "text": "แพะคือหิงการ แกะคือปรัสตาว วัวทั้งหลายคืออุทคีถ ม้าทั้งหลายคือปรติหาร มนุษย์คือนิธนะ สิ่งเหล่านี้ถูกร้อยอยู่ในสัตว์ทั้งหลาย",
      "translator": "Vedyatra working draft (AI)",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "status": "machine",
      "statusLabel": "Machine draft"
    }
  ],
  "commentary": [],
  "source": {
    "edition": "Chāndogya Upaniṣad, Sanskrit Wikisource, page “छान्दोग्योपनिषद्/अध्यायः २” (revision 311182)",
    "license": "Public domain text; Wikisource page CC BY-SA 4.0",
    "url": "https://sa.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%2F%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8&oldid=311182"
  },
  "topics": [
    "sacrifice",
    "sāma",
    "animals",
    "udgītha"
  ],
  "citation": "Chāndogya Upaniṣad 2.18.1. Vedyatra, https://vedyatra.org/verses/upanishads/chandogya.2.18.1/"
}