Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 1.94
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1.94.1
सुव्यक्तं राजपुत्री त्वं यथा कल्याणि भाषसे ।
भार्या मे भव सुश्रोणि ब्रूहि किं करवाणि ते ॥ १.९४.१ ॥
Clearly you are a king's daughter, auspicious lady, judging by how you speak. Fair-hipped one, become my wife. Tell me, what may I do for you?
1.94.2
सुवर्णमालां वासांसि कुण्डले परिहाटके ।
नानापत्तनजे शुभ्रे मणिरत्ने च शोभने ॥ १.९४.२ ॥
A golden garland, garments, earrings, golden ornaments, and bright, splendid jewels and gems made in various cities.
1.94.3
आहरामि तवाद्याहं निष्कादीन्यजिनानि च ।
सर्वं राज्यं तवाद्यास्तु भार्या मे भव शोभने ॥ १.९४.३ ॥
I will fetch for you at once gold coins such as niṣka, and deerskins. From this day let the whole kingdom be yours. Splendid one, become my wife.
1.94.4
गान्धर्वेण च मां भीरु विवाहेनैहि सुन्दरि ।
विवाहानां हि रम्भोरु गान्धर्वः श्रेष्ठ उच्यते ॥ १.९४.४ ॥
Timid one, beautiful one, come to me by the gāndharva marriage. Plantain-thighed one, among marriages the gāndharva is said to be the best.
1.94.5
फलाहारो गतो राजन्पिता मे इत आश्रमात् ।
मुहूर्तं संप्रतीक्षस्व स मां तुभ्यं प्रदास्यति ॥ १.९४.५ ॥
O king, my father has gone from this hermitage to eat fruit. Wait a moment, and he will give me to you.
1.94.6
पिता हि मे प्रभुर्नित्यं दैवतं परमं मम ।
यस्मै मां दास्यति पिता स मे भर्ता भविष्यति ॥ १.९४.६ ॥
My father is always my lord and my supreme deity. The one to whom my father gives me will be my husband.
1.94.7
पिता रक्षति कौमारे भर्ता रक्षति यौवने ।
पुत्रस्तु स्थाविरे भावे न स्त्री स्वातन्त्र्यमर्हति ॥ १.९४.७ ॥
In childhood a father protects, in youth a husband protects, and in old age a son protects; a woman does not deserve independence.
1.94.8
समन्यमाना राजेन्द्र पितरं मे तपस्विनम् ।
अधर्मेण हि धर्मिष्ठ कथं वरमुपास्महे ॥ १.९४.८ ॥
O lord of kings, mindful of my ascetic father, O most righteous one, how could we serve a suitor through unrighteousness?
1.94.9
मामैवं वद कल्याणि तपोराशिं दमात्मकम् ।
मन्युप्रहरणा विप्रा न विप्राः शस्त्रपाणयः ॥ १.९४.९ ॥
Do not speak of me thus, O auspicious one, a heap of asceticism and self-restrained; brahmins have anger as their weapon, not weapons in their hands.
1.94.10
मन्युना घ्नन्ति ते शत्रून्वज्रेणेन्द्र इवासुरान् ।
अग्निर्दहति तेजोभिः सूर्यो दहति रश्मिभिः ॥ १.९४.१० ॥
They strike their enemies down with anger, as Indra strikes the demons with the thunderbolt; fire burns with its flames, and the sun burns with its rays.
1.94.11
राजा दहति दण्डेन ब्राह्मणो मन्युना दहेत् ।
क्रोधिता मन्युना घ्नन्ति वज्रपाणिरिवासुरान् ॥ १.९४.११ ॥
A king burns with the rod of punishment; a brahmin may burn with anger. Those who are angered strike down the demons like the thunderbolt-bearer.
1.94.12
जाने भद्रे महर्षिं तं तस्य मन्युर्न विद्यते ।
इच्छामि त्वां वरारोहे भजमानामनिन्दिते।
त्वदर्थं मां स्थितं विद्धि त्वद्गतं हि मनो मम ॥ १.९४.१२ ॥
O auspicious one, I know that great sage has no anger in him. O fair-hipped, blameless one, I desire you, you who serve me. Know that I stand for your sake; my mind has gone to you.
1.94.13
आत्मनो बन्धुरात्मैव गतिरात्मैव चात्मनः ।
आत्मनैवात्मनो दानं कर्तुमर्हसि धर्मतः ॥ १.९४.१३ ॥
One's own self is one's friend, one's own self is one's refuge. According to dharma, you ought to give yourself by yourself.
1.94.14
अष्टावेव समासेन विवाहा धर्मतः स्मृताः ।
ब्राह्मो दैवस्तथैवार्षः प्राजापत्यस्तथाऽऽसुरः ॥ १.९४.१४ ॥
In brief, eight kinds of marriage are recalled according to dharma: the brāhma, the daiva, likewise the ārṣa, the prājāpatya, and the āsura.
1.94.15
गान्धर्वो राक्षसश्चैव पैशाचश्चाष्टमः स्मृतः ।
तेषां धर्म्यान्यथापूर्वं मनुः स्वायंभुवोऽब्रवीत् ॥ १.९४.१५ ॥
The gāndharva, the rākṣasa, and the paiśāca — the eighth is so recalled. Of these, the lawful ones Svāyambhuva Manu declared in their former order.
1.94.16
प्रशस्तांश्चतुरः पूर्वान्ब्राह्मणस्योपधारय ।
षडानुपूर्व्या क्षत्रस्य विद्धि धर्म्याननिन्दिते ॥ १.९४.१६ ॥
For the brahmin, take the first four praised marriages as the proper ones. For the kṣatriya, know six in due order to be lawful, O faultless one.
1.94.17
राज्ञां तु राक्षसोऽप्युक्तो विट्शूद्रेष्वासुरः स्मृतः ।
पञ्चानां तु त्रयो धर्म्या अधर्म्यौ द्वौ स्मृताविह ॥ १.९४.१७ ॥
For kings the rākṣasa marriage is also declared, and among vaiśyas and śūdras the āsura is recalled. Of the five, three are lawful; here two are recalled as unlawful.
1.94.18
पैशाच आसुरश्चैव न कर्तव्यौ कदाचन ।
अनेन विधिना कार्यो धर्मस्यैषा गतिः स्मृता ॥ १.९४.१८ ॥
The paiśāca and the āsura must never be practised. The rite should be done by this rule; this is recalled as the path of dharma.
1.94.19
गान्धर्वराक्षसौ क्षत्रे धर्म्यौ तौ मा विशङ्किथाः ।
पृथग्वा यदि वा मिश्रौ कर्तव्यौ नात्र संशयः ॥ १.९४.१९ ॥
The gāndharva and rākṣasa forms are lawful for a warrior; do not doubt them. They may be performed separately or combined; there is no doubt of this.
1.94.20
सा त्वं मम सकामस्य सकामा वरवर्णिनी ।
गान्धर्वेण विवाहेन भार्या भवितुमर्हसि ॥ १.९४.२० ॥
You, fair-complexioned one, share my desire, since I desire you; by the gāndharva marriage you are fit to become my wife.
1.94.21
यदि धर्मपथस्त्वेव यदि चात्मा प्रभुर्मम ।
प्रदाने पौरवश्रेष्ठ शृणु मे समयं प्रभो ॥ १.९४.२१ ॥
If this is indeed the path of dharma, and if my self is my own master, then hear my condition for giving myself, O best of the Pauravas, O lord.
1.94.22
सत्यं मे प्रतिजानीहि यथा वक्ष्याम्यहं रहः ।
मयि जायेत यः पुत्रः स भवेत्त्वदनन्तरः ॥ १.९४.२२ ॥
Pledge me the truth, as I shall tell it to you in private: the son born to me shall be your successor after you.
1.94.23
युवराजो महाराज सत्यमेतद्ब्रवीमि ते ।
यद्येतदेवं दुष्यन्त अस्तु मे सङ्गमस्त्वया ॥ १.९४.२३ ॥
O great king, crown prince, I tell you this truly. O Duṣyanta, if it is so, then let there be union between us.
1.94.24
तस्यास्तु सर्वं संश्रुत्य यथोक्तं स विशांपतिः ।
दुष्यन्तः पुनरेवाह यद्यदिच्छसि तद्वद ॥ १.९४.२४ ॥
Having heard and agreed to all she had said, King Duṣyanta spoke again: Say whatever you wish.
1.94.25
ख्यातो लोकप्रवादोयं विवाह इति शास्त्रतः ।
वैवाहिकीं क्रियां सन्तः प्रशंसन्ति प्रजाहिताम् ॥ १.९४.२५ ॥
It is a well-known saying that marriage is established by the scriptures; the wise praise the marriage rite, which is beneficial to offspring.
1.94.26
लोकप्रवादशान्त्यर्थं विवाहं विधिना कुरु ।
सन्त्यत्र यज्ञपात्राणि दर्भाः सुमनसोऽक्षताः ॥ १.९४.२६ ॥
To quiet public gossip, perform the marriage according to the rule. Here are the sacrificial vessels, kuśa grass, flowers, and unbroken grains.
1.94.27
यथा युक्तो विवाहः स्यात्तथा युक्ता प्रजा भवेत् ।
तस्मादाज्यं हविर्लाजाः सिकता ब्राह्मणास्तव ॥ १.९४.२७ ॥
So that the marriage may be proper and the offspring proper: here are ghee, the oblation, parched grains, sand, and your brahmins.
1.94.28
वैवाहिकानि चान्यानि समस्तानीह पार्थिव ।
दुरुक्तमपि राजेन्द्र क्षन्तव्यं धर्मकारणात् ॥ १.९४.२८ ॥
O king, all the other things relating to marriage are here too. O lord of kings, for the sake of dharma, even my harsh words should be forgiven.
1.94.29
एवमस्त्विति तां राजा प्रत्युवाचाविचारयन् ।
अपि च त्वां हि नेष्यामि नगरं स्वं शुचिस्मिते ॥ १.९४.२९ ॥
'So be it,' the king answered her without hesitation. 'O pure-smiling one, I will indeed take you to my own city.'
1.94.30
यथा त्वमर्हा सुश्रोणि मन्यसे तद्ब्रवीमि ते ।
एवमुक्त्वा स राजर्षिस्तामनिन्दितगामिनीम् ॥ १.९४.३० ॥
'O fair-hipped one, I tell you whatever you think is fitting for you.' Having spoken thus, that royal sage addressed her, faultless in her gait...
1.94.31
पुरोहितं समाहूय वचनं युक्तमब्रवीत् ।
राजपुत्र्या यदुक्तं वै न वृथा कर्तुमुत्सहे ॥ १.९४.३१ ॥
Having summoned the household priest, he spoke a fitting word: "What the king's daughter has said, I am resolved not to make in vain."
1.94.32
क्रियाहीनो हि न भवेन्मम पुत्रो महाद्युतिः ।
तथा कुरुष्व शास्त्रोक्तं विवाहं मा चिरंकुरु ॥ १.९४.३२ ॥
Let my radiant son not be without due rites; therefore perform the marriage as the scriptures prescribe, and do not delay long.
1.94.33
एवमुक्तो नृपतिना द्विजः परमयन्त्रितः ।
शोभनं राजराजेति विधिना कृतवान्द्विजः ॥ १.९४.३३ ॥
Thus addressed by the king, the twice-born priest, most self-restrained, said, "Auspicious, O king of kings," and performed the rite according to rule.
1.94.34
शासनाद्विप्रमुख्यस्य कृतकौतुकमङ्गलः ।
जग्राह विधिवत्पाणावुवास च तया सह ॥ १.९४.३४ ॥
By the command of the chief of priests, having performed the auspicious wedding rites, he took her hand according to rule and dwelt with her.
1.94.35
विश्वास्य चैनां स प्रायादब्रवीच्च पुनः पुनः ।
प्रेषयिष्ये तवार्थाय वाहिनीं चतुरङ्गिणीम् ॥ १.९४.३५ ॥
Having reassured her, he departed, and again and again he said, "For your sake I will send a fourfold army."
1.94.36
त्रैविद्यवृद्धैः सहितां नानाराजजनैः सह ।
शिबिकासहस्रैः सहिता वयमायान्ति बान्धवाः ॥ १.९४.३६ ॥
Accompanied by elders learned in the three Vedas and by many people of royal lineage, with thousands of litters, we kinsmen are coming.
1.94.37
मूकाश्चैव किराताश्च कुब्जा वामनकैः सह ।
सहिताः कञ्चुकिवरैर्वाहिनी सूतमागधैः ॥ १.९४.३७ ॥
The mute, the Kirātas, the hunchbacks and dwarfs, together with the finest chamberlains, the bards and the panegyrists — the army will come.
1.94.38
शङ्खदुन्दुभिनिर्घोषैर्वनं च समुपैष्यति ।
तथा त्वामानयिष्यामि नगरं स्वं शुचिस्मिते ॥ १.९४.३८ ॥
With the roar of conches and drums the army will even approach the forest; thus, O pure-smiling one, I shall bring you to your own city.
1.94.39
अन्यथा त्वां न नेष्यामि स्वनिवेशमसत्कृताम् ।
सर्वमङ्गलसत्कारैः सुभ्रु सत्यं करोमि ते ॥ १.९४.३९ ॥
Otherwise I shall not lead you, dishonored, into my dwelling; with every auspicious honor, O fair-browed one, I make this true for you.
1.94.40
एवमुक्त्वा स राजर्षिस्तामनिन्दितगामिनीम् ।
परिष्वज्य च बाहुभ्यां स्मितपूर्वमुदैक्षत ॥ १.९४.४० ॥
Having spoken thus, the royal sage embraced her, the faultless-walking one, with both arms, and gazed at her, first with a smile.
1.94.41
प्रदक्षिणीकृतां देवीं पुनस्तां परिषस्वजे ।
शकुन्तला सा सुमुखी पपात नृपपादयोः ॥ १.९४.४१ ॥
He embraced again that goddess who had been circumambulated; the fair-faced Śakuntalā fell at the king's feet.
1.94.42
तां देवीं पुनरुत्थाप्य मा शुचेति पुनः पुनः ।
शपेयं सुकृतेनैव प्रापयिष्ये नृपात्मजे ॥ १.९४.४२ ॥
Raising the goddess up again, saying again and again, 'Do not grieve,' I swear by my good deed; O king's daughter, I shall surely bring this about.
1.94.43
इति तस्याः प्रतिश्रुत्य स नृपो जनमेजय ।
मनसा चिन्तयन्प्रायात्काश्यपं प्रति पार्थिव ॥ १.९४.४३ ॥
Thus, having promised her, that king, O Janamejaya, went toward Kāśyapa, thinking in his mind, O king.
1.94.44
भगवांस्तपसा युक्तः श्रुत्वा किं नु करिष्यति ।
तं न प्रसाद्यागतोऽहं प्रसीदेति द्विजोत्तमम्।
एवं संचिन्तयन्नेव प्रविवेश स्वकं पुरम् ॥ १.९४.४४ ॥
The revered one, endowed with austerity, what will he do when he hears? I have come without appeasing him. I must say to that best of the twice-born, 'Be gracious.' Thinking thus, he entered his own city.
1.94.45
ततो मुहूर्ते याते तु कण्वोऽप्याश्रममागमत् ।
शकुन्तला च पितरं ह्रिया नोपजगाम तम् ॥ १.९४.४५ ॥
Then, after a moment had passed, Kaṇva too came to the hermitage. And Śakuntalā, out of shame, did not go up to her father.
1.94.46
शङ्कितेव च विप्रर्षिमुपचक्राम सा शनैः ।
ततोऽस्य भारं जग्राह आसनं चाप्यकल्पयत् ॥ १.९४.४६ ॥
And, as though apprehensive, she slowly approached that brahmin-sage. Then she took his burden and arranged a seat for him as well.
1.94.47
प्राक्षालयच्च सा पादौ काश्यपस्य महात्मनः ।
न चैनं लज्जयाऽशक्नोदक्षिभ्यामभिवीक्षितुम् ॥ १.९४.४७ ॥
And she washed the feet of the great-souled Kāśyapa. But out of shame she could not look at him with her eyes.
1.94.48
शकुन्तला च सव्रीडा तमृषिं नाभ्यभाषत ।
तस्मात्स्वधर्मात्स्खलिता भीता सा भरतर्षभ ॥ १.९४.४८ ॥
And Śakuntalā, overcome with shame, did not speak to that sage. O bull of the Bharatas, having slipped from her own dharma, she was afraid.
1.94.49
अभवद्दोषदर्शित्वाद्ब्रह्मचारिण्ययन्त्रिता ।
स तदा व्रीडितां दृष्ट्वा ऋषिस्तां प्रत्यभाषत ॥ १.९४.४९ ॥
Because she had seen a fault, she, though a celibate woman, became unrestrained. Then the sage, seeing her ashamed, spoke to her.
1.94.50
सव्रीडैव च दीर्घायुः पुरेव भविता न च ।
वृत्तं कथय रम्भोरु मा त्रासं च प्रकल्पय ॥ १.९४.५० ॥
Ashamed though you are, you will be long-lived, but not as before. Tell what has happened, O thighs like the plantain; do not be afraid.
1.94.51
ततः प्रक्षाल्य पादौ सा विश्रान्तं पुनरब्रवीत् ।
निधाय कामं तस्यर्षेः कन्दानि च फलानि च ॥ १.९४.५१ ॥
Then she washed her feet, rested, and spoke again, having placed roots and fruits as the sage desired.
1.94.52
ततः संवाह्य पादौ सा विश्रान्तं वेदिमध्यमा ।
शकुन्तला पौरवाणां दुष्यन्तं जग्मुषी पतिम् ॥ १.९४.५२ ॥
Then Śakuntalā, slender-waisted, having massaged her feet and rested, went to her husband Duṣyanta of the Pauravas.
1.94.53
ततः कृच्छ्रादतिशुभा सव्रीडा श्रमती तदा ।
सगद्गदमुवाचेदं काश्यपं सा शुचिस्मिता ॥ १.९४.५३ ॥
Then Śakuntalā, very beautiful, ashamed and weary, with a pure smile, with difficulty and a choking voice, spoke these words to Kāśyapa.
1.94.54
राजा ताताजगामेह दुष्यन्त इलिलात्मजः ।
मया पतिर्वृतो योऽसौ दैवयोगादिहागतः ॥ १.९४.५४ ॥
Father, King Duṣyanta, son of Ilā, has come here. He whom I chose as husband has come here by the workings of fate.
1.94.55
तस्य तात प्रसीद त्वं भर्ता मे सुमहायशाः ।
अतः सर्वं तु यद्वृत्तं दिव्यज्ञानेन पश्यसि ॥ १.९४.५५ ॥
Father, be gracious to him, my husband, of great renown. You see all that has happened by divine knowledge.
1.94.56
अभयं क्षत्रियकुले प्रसादं कर्तुमर्हसि ।
चक्षुषा स तु दिव्येन सर्वं विज्ञाय काश्यपः ॥ १.९४.५६ ॥
It befits you to grant safety and favour to the kṣatriya lineage. Kāśyapa, knowing all by his divine eye...
1.94.57
ततो धर्मिष्ठतां मत्वा धर्मे चास्खलितं मनः ।
उवाच भगवान्प्रीतस्तद्वृत्तं सुमहातपाः ॥ १.९४.५७ ॥
Then, seeing her steadfastness in dharma and her mind unswerving in righteousness, the pleased, revered sage of great austerity spoke of that event.
1.94.58
एवमेतन्मया ज्ञातं दृष्टं दिव्येन चक्षुषा ।
त्वयाऽद्य राजान्वयया मामनादृत्य यत्कृतम् ॥ १.९४.५८ ॥
This I have known and seen with my divine eye. O princess of the royal line, what you have done today, disregarding me...
1.94.59
पुंसा सह समायोगो न स धर्मोपघातकः ।
न भयं विद्यते भद्रे मा शुचः सुकृतं कृतम् ॥ १.९४.५९ ॥
Such a union with a man is no violation of dharma. O auspicious one, there is no cause for fear. Do not grieve; what has been done is well done.
1.94.60
क्षत्रियस्य तु गान्धर्वो विवाहः श्रेष्ठ उच्यते ।
सकामायाः सकामेन निमन्त्रः श्रेष्ठ उच्यते ॥ १.९४.६० ॥
For a kṣatriya the gāndharva form of marriage is said to be the best. Mutual consent between a willing woman and a willing man is said to be the best.
1.94.61
किं पुनर्विधिवत्कृत्वा सुप्रजस्त्वमवाप्स्यसि ।
धर्मात्मा च महात्मा च दुष्यन्तः पुरुषोत्तमः ॥ १.९४.६१ ॥
If you marry in accordance with the rite, you will obtain even more excellent offspring. Duṣyanta, righteous-souled and great-souled, is the best of men.
1.94.62
अभ्यागच्छत्पतिर्यस्त्वां भजमानां शकुन्तले ।
महात्मा जनिता लोके पुत्रस्तव महायशाः ॥ १.९४.६२ ॥
O Śakuntalā, the husband who came to you, seeking you, is a great-souled one; he will be the father in the world, and your son will be of great fame.
1.94.63
स च सर्वां समुद्रान्तां कृत्स्नां भोक्ष्यति मेदिनीम् ।
परं चाभिप्रयातस्य चक्रं तस्य महात्मनः ॥ १.९४.६३ ॥
He will enjoy the entire earth, up to the ocean's edge; and the wheel of that great-souled one, as he sets forth, will be supreme.
1.94.64
भविष्यत्यप्रतिहतं सततं चक्रवर्तिनः ।
प्रसन्न एव तस्याहं त्वकृते वरवर्णिनि ॥ १.९४.६४ ॥
The wheel of the universal monarch will remain unobstructed continually. O fair-complexioned one, I am indeed pleased with him, and for your sake as well.
1.94.65
ऋतवो बहवस्ते वै गता व्यर्थाः शुचिस्मिते ।
सार्थकं सांप्रतं ह्येतन्न च पाप्मास्ति तेऽनघे।
गृहाण च वरं मत्तस्तत्कृते यदभीप्सितम् ॥ १.९४.६५ ॥
O bright-smiling one, many of your seasons have passed in vain, but now this is purposeful; and in you, O sinless one, there is no sin. Take from me the boon that you desire for that sake.
1.94.66
मया पतिर्वृतो योऽसौ दुष्यन्तः पुरुषोत्तमः ।
मम चैव पतिर्दृष्टो देवतानां समक्षतः।
तस्मै ससचिवाय त्वं प्रसादं कर्तुमर्हसि ॥ १.९४.६६ ॥
The husband I have chosen is that best of men, Duṣyanta; and before the gods he was seen as my husband. You ought to show your favor to him, together with his ministers.
1.94.67
इत्येवमुक्त्वा मनसा प्रणिधाय मनस्विनी ।
ततो धर्मिष्ठतां वव्रे राज्ये चास्खलनं तथा ॥ १.९४.६७ ॥
Having thus spoken within her mind and fixed her thought, the high-minded woman chose righteousness, and unfailing steadiness in kingship.
1.94.68
शकुन्तलां पौरवाणां दुष्यन्तहितकाम्यया ।
एवमस्त्विति तां प्राह कण्वो धर्मभृतां वरः ॥ १.९४.६८ ॥
To Śakuntalā of the Pauravas, desiring the welfare of Duṣyanta, Kaṇva, best of those who uphold dharma, said: "So be it."
1.94.69
पस्पर्श चापि पाणिभ्यां सुतां श्रीमिवरूपिणीम् ॥ १.९४.६९ ॥
And he touched, with both hands, the daughter who had the form of Śrī.
1.94.70
अद्यप्रभृति देवी त्वं दुष्यन्तस्य महात्मनः ।
पतिव्रतानां या वृत्तिस्तां वृत्तिमनुपालय ॥ १.९४.७० ॥
From this day, you are the queen of the great-souled Duṣyanta. Maintain the conduct that belongs to devoted wives.
1.94.71
इत्येवमुक्त्वा धर्मात्मा तां विशुद्ध्यर्थमस्पृशत् ।
स्पृष्टमात्रे शरीरे तु परं हर्षमवाप सा ॥ १.९४.७१ ॥
Having thus spoken, the righteous Kaṇva touched her for the sake of her purification; and at the mere touch upon her body, she obtained supreme joy.