Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 13.83
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13.83.1
अर्थाश्रयाद्वा कामाद्वा वर्णानां चाप्यनिश्चयात् ।
अज्ञानाद्वापि वर्णानां जायते वर्णसङ्करः ॥ १३.८३.१ ॥
Through reliance on wealth, or through desire, or through lack of firm determination of the social classes, or even through ignorance, arises the mixing of the classes.
13.83.2
तेषामेतेन विधिना जातानां वर्णसङ्करे ।
को धर्मः कानि कर्माणि तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥ १३.८३.२ ॥
What is the duty of those born of such a mixing of classes, and what are their actions? Tell me this, O grandsire.
13.83.3
चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य कर्माणि चातुर्वर्ण्यं च केवलम् ।
असृजत्स हि यज्ञार्थे पूर्वमेव प्रजापतिः ॥ १३.८३.३ ॥
Prajāpati, for the sake of sacrifice, first created the duties of the fourfold order and the fourfold order itself.
13.83.4
भार्याश्चतस्नो विप्रस्य द्वयोरात्मा प्रजायते ।
आनुपूर्व्याद्द्वयोर्हीनौ मातृजात्यौ प्रसूयतः ॥ १३.८३.४ ॥
A brahmin has four wives; from two of them a son of his own kind is born, and in order, from the other two are produced offspring lower, according to their mothers' castes.
13.83.5
परं शवाद्ब्राह्मणस्यैव पुत्रः ।
शूद्रापुत्रं पारशवं तमाहुः।
शुश्रूषकः स्वस्य कुलस्य स स्या-
त्स्वचारित्रं नित्यमथो न जह्यात् ॥ १३.८३.५ ॥
A son of a brahmin by a śūdra woman is called a pāraśava. Let him serve his own family and never abandon his own conduct.
13.83.6
सर्वानुपायानथ सम्प्रधार्य ।
समुद्धरेत्स्वस्य कुलस्य तन्त्रम्।
ज्येष्ठो यवीयानपि यो द्विजस्य ।
शुश्रूषया दानपरायणः स्यात् ॥ १३.८३.६ ॥
Having carefully considered all the means, let him lift up the lineage of his own family. Whether eldest or youngest, let him who is devoted to serving the twice-born and to giving gifts be the one to do so.
13.83.7
तिस्रः क्षत्रियसम्बन्धाद्द्वयोरात्माऽस्य जायते ।
हीनवर्णास्तृतीयायां शूद्रा उग्रा इति स्मृतिः ॥ १३.८३.७ ॥
From the union with kṣatriya women there are three wives; in two of them his own offspring is born. From the third arise the lower-varṇa śūdras and the ugras, so tradition holds.
13.83.8
द्वे चापि भार्ये वैश्यस्य द्वयोरात्माऽस्व जायते ।
शूद्रा शूद्रस्य चाप्येका शूद्रमेव प्रजायते ॥ १३.८३.८ ॥
A vaiśya has two wives; from two of them his own offspring is born. From the one who is a śūdra wife, a śūdra alone is born.
13.83.9
अतोऽविशिष्टस्त्वधमो गुरुदारप्रधर्षकः ।
ब्राह्यं वर्णं जनयति चातुर्वर्ण्यविगर्हितम् ॥ १३.८३.९ ॥
Therefore, the undistinguished and lowest man who violates his teacher's wife produces a brāhmaṇa-varṇa child, condemned among the fourfold classes.
13.83.10
अयाज्यं क्षत्रियो व्रात्यंक सूतं स्तोत्रक्रियापरम् ।
वैश्यो वैदेहकं चापि मौद्गल्यमपवर्जितम् ॥ १३.८३.१० ॥
A kṣatriya begets the non-sacrificial vrātya and the sūta devoted to praise-recitation; a vaiśya begets the vaideha and the rejected maudgalya.
13.83.11
शूद्रश्चण्डालमत्युग्रं वध्यघ्नं बाह्यवासिनम् ।
ब्राह्मण्यां सम्प्रजायन्त इत्येते कुलपांसनाः।
एते मतिमतांश्रेष्ठ वर्णसङ्करजाः प्रभो ॥ १३.८३.११ ॥
A śūdra begets through a brāhmaṇa woman the very fierce caṇḍāla, the executioner, and the one who dwells outside the town; these are defilers of the family. O best of the wise, O lord, these are born of mixed castes.
13.83.12
बन्दी तु जायते वैश्यान्मागधो वाक्यजीवनः ।
शूद्रान्निषादो मत्स्यघ्नः क्षत्रियायां व्यतिक्रमात् ॥ १३.८३.१२ ॥
From a vaiśya is born the bandin, the magadha who lives by his words; from a śūdra, through transgression with a kṣatriya woman, is born the niṣāda, the fish-killer.
13.83.13
शूद्रादायोगवश्चापि वैश्यायां ग्राम्यधर्मिणः ।
ब्राह्मणैरप्रतिग्राह्यस्तक्षा स्वधनजीवनः ॥ १३.८३.१३ ॥
From a Śūdra man and a Vaiśya woman comes the Āyogava, who lives by village occupations; Brahmins do not accept gifts from him. The carpenter lives by his own craft.
13.83.14
एतेऽपि सदृशान्वर्णाञ्जनयन्ति स्वयोनिषु ।
मातृजात्या प्रसूयन्ते ह्यवरा हीनयोनिषु ॥ १३.८३.१४ ॥
These too produce offspring of similar classes within their own wombs; by the caste of the mother, the lower ones are born from lower wombs.
13.83.15
यथा चतुर्षु वर्णेषु द्वयोरात्माऽस्य जायते ।
आनन्तर्यात्प्रजायन्ते यथा बाह्या प्रधानतः ॥ १३.८३.१५ ॥
As, among the four classes, from two of them the essence of this one is born, so offspring arise in succession; and chiefly the outer classes are produced.
13.83.16
ते चापि सदृशं वर्णं जनयन्ति स्वयोनिषु ।
परस्परस्य दारेषु जनयन्ति विगर्हितान् ॥ १३.८३.१६ ॥
They too produce a similar class within their own wombs, and they produce reprehensible offspring in one another's wives.
13.83.17
यथा शूद्रोऽपि ब्राह्मण्यां जन्तुं बाह्यं प्रसूयते ।
एवं बाह्यतराद्बाह्यश्चातुर्वर्ण्यात्प्रजायते ॥ १३.८३.१७ ॥
Just as a Śūdra begets an outer offspring even in a Brahmin woman, so from the more outer one an outer class is born from the four classes.
13.83.18
प्रतिलोमं तु वर्धन्ते बाह्योद्बाह्यतरात्पुनः ।
हीनाद्धीनाः प्रसूयन्ते वर्णाः पञ्चदशैव तु ॥ १३.८३.१८ ॥
But in the reverse order they multiply again from the outer and the more outer; from the lower, lower ones are born, and the classes are fifteen in all.
13.83.19
अगम्यागमनाच्चैव जायते वर्णसङ्करः ।
बाह्यानामनुजायन्ते सैरन्ध्र्यां मागधेषु च।
प्रसाधनोपचारज्ञमदासं दासजीवनम् ॥ १३.८३.१९ ॥
From union with those who are not to be approached, a mixture of the classes is born. Descendants of the outer ones are born among the sairandhrī women and among the Māgadhas; one skilled in adornment and attendance, not a slave yet living the life of a slave.
13.83.20
क्षत्रा ह्यायोगवं सूते वागुराबन्धजीवनम् ।
मैरेयकं च वैदेहः सम्प्रसूतेऽथ माधुकम् ॥ १३.८३.२० ॥
From a kṣatriya woman comes the Āyogava, who lives by setting snares; from a Vaidehaka man comes the Maireyaka, and then the Mādhuka.
13.83.21
निषादो मद्गुरं सूते दासं नावोपजीविनम् ।
मृतपं चापि चाण्डालः श्वपाकमिति विश्रुतम् ॥ १३.८३.२१ ॥
From a Niṣāda comes Madgura, a servant who lives by boats; from a Caṇḍāla comes Mṛtapa, who is well known as Śvapāka.
13.83.22
चतुरो मागधी सूते क्रूरान्मायोपजीविनः ।
मांसं स्वादुकरं क्षौद्रं सौगन्धमिति विश्रुतम् ॥ १३.८३.२२ ॥
From a Māgadhī woman comes Caturā, and from cruel men who live by deceit come the one who makes meat tasty and the honey-seller, well known as Saugandha.
13.83.23
वैदेहकाच्च पापिष्ठा क्रूरं मायोपजीविनम् ।
निषादान्मद्रनाभं च खरयानप्रयायिनम् ॥ १३.८३.२३ ॥
From a Vaidehaka man and a most sinful woman comes the cruel man who lives by deceit; from a Niṣāda comes Madranābha, who travels by donkey-cart.
13.83.24
चण्डालात्पुल्कसं चापि खराश्वगजभोजिनम् ।
भृतचैलप्रतिच्छन्नं भिन्नभाजनभोजिनम् ॥ १३.८३.२४ ॥
From a Caṇḍāla comes Pulkasa, who eats the flesh of donkeys, horses and elephants, wears hired cloth, and eats from broken vessels.
13.83.25
आयोगवीषु जायन्ते हीनवर्णास्तु ते त्रयः ।
क्षुद्रो वैदेहकादन्धो बहिर्ग्रामप्रतिश्रयः ॥ १३.८३.२५ ॥
Among the Āyogavī women are born three of low varṇa: the base one (Kṣudra) from a Vaidehaka, and the Andhra, who dwells outside the village.
13.83.26
कारावरो निषाद्यां तु चर्मकारः प्रसूयते ।
चाण्डालात्पाण्डुसौपाकस्त्वक्सारव्यवहारवान् ॥ १३.८३.२६ ॥
From a Niṣādī woman is born the Kārāvara, and the leatherworker; from a Cāṇḍāla is born the pale Sauvāka, who makes a living from skins and leather.
13.83.27
आहिण्कों निषादेन वैदेह्यां सम्प्रसूयते ।
चण्डालेन तु सौपाकश्चण्डालसमवृत्तिमान् ॥ १३.८३.२७ ॥
By a Niṣāda man in a Vaidehī woman is begotten the Āhiṇḍika; by a Cāṇḍāla man is begotten the Sauvāka, who lives the life of a Cāṇḍāla.
13.83.28
निषादी चापि चण्डालात्पुत्रमन्तेवसायिनम् ।
श्मशानगोचरं सूते बाह्यैरपि बहिष्कृतम् ॥ १३.८३.२८ ॥
A Niṣādī woman, by a Cāṇḍāla, bears a son who is a dweller at the border and roams the cremation grounds, cast out even by outsiders.
13.83.29
इत्येते सङ्करे जाताः पितृमातृव्यतिक्रमात् ।
प्रच्छन्नान्वा प्रकाशा वा वेदितव्याः स्वकर्मभिः ॥ १३.८३.२९ ॥
Thus these were born in mixed unions through the transgression of father and mother; whether hidden or open, they are to be known by their own deeds.
13.83.30
चतुर्णामेव वर्णानां धर्मो नान्यस्य विद्यते ।
वर्णानां धर्महीनेषु सङ्ख्या नास्तीह कस्यचित् ॥ १३.८३.३० ॥
Dharma belongs only to the four varṇas, not to any other; among those without dharma, there is no reckoning of anyone here.
13.83.31
यदृच्छयोपसम्पन्नैर्यज्ञसाधुबहिष्कृतैः ।
बाह्या बाह्यैश्च जायन्ते यथावृत्ति यथाश्रयम् ॥ १३.८३.३१ ॥
Those who through chance fall from the sacrifice and from good conduct, cast out, are born among outsiders, according to their livelihood and their refuge.
13.83.32
चतुष्पथश्मशानानि शैलांश्चान्यान्वनस्पतीन् ।
कार्ष्णायसमलङ्कारं परिगृह्य च नित्यशः।
वसेयुरेते विज्ञाता वर्तयन्तः स्वकर्मभिः ॥ १३.८३.३२ ॥
They should always dwell at crossroads, cremation grounds, mountains and other trees, wearing iron-black ornaments; these men are known as living by their own occupations.
13.83.33
युञ्जन्तो वाऽप्यलङ्कारांस्तथोपकरणानि च ।
गोब्राह्मणाय साहय्यं कुर्वाणा वै न संशयः ॥ १३.८३.३३ ॥
Even while employing ornaments and implements, and rendering aid to cows and brahmins, there is no doubt of it.
13.83.34
आनृशंस्यमनुक्रोशः सत्यवाक्यं तथा क्षमा ।
स्वशरीरैरपि त्राणं बाह्यानां सिद्धिकारणम्।
भवन्ति मनुजव्याघ्र तत्र मे नास्ति संशयः ॥ १३.८३.३४ ॥
Non-cruelty, compassion, truthful speech, forbearance, and protecting outsiders even with one's own body — these are the causes of success. O tiger among men, of this I have no doubt.
13.83.35
यथोपदेशं परिकीर्तितासु ।
नरः प्रजायेत विचार्य बुद्धिमान्।
निहीनयोनिर्हि सुतोऽवसादये-
त्तितीर्षमाणं हि यथोपलो जले ॥ १३.८३.३५ ॥
According to the instruction given, a wise man should consider the matters declared and then be born; a son of base birth sinks one who wishes to cross, as a stone sinks in water.
13.83.36
अविद्वांसमलं लोके विद्वांसमपि वा पुनः ।
नयन्ति ह्यपथं नार्यः कामक्रोधवशानुगम् ॥ १३.८३.३६ ॥
In the world, women lead astray the ignorant or even the learned who follow the sway of desire and anger, leading them off the path.
13.83.37
स्वभावश्चैव नारीणां नराणामिह दूषणम् ।
अत्यर्थं न प्रसज्जन्ते प्रमदासु विपश्चितः ॥ १३.८३.३७ ॥
Nature itself is the flaw of women and of men here; yet the wise do not cling excessively to women.
13.83.38
वर्णापेतमविज्ञाय नरं कलुषयोनिजम् ।
आर्यरूपमिवानार्यं कथं विद्यामहे वयम् ॥ १३.८३.३८ ॥
How can we know a man who has fallen from his varṇa, born of a tainted womb, who looks noble yet is ignoble?
13.83.39
योनिसङ्कलुषे जातं नानाभावसमन्वितम् ।
कर्मभिः सज्जनाचीर्णैर्विज्ञेयाः शुद्धयोनिकाः ॥ १३.८३.३९ ॥
One born of a tainted womb, possessed of various dispositions, is to be known by the deeds practised by good people; those of pure birth are recognized so.
13.83.40
अनार्यत्वमनाचारः क्रूरत्वं निष्क्रियात्मता ।
पुरुषं व्यञ्जयन्तीह लोके कलुषयोनिजम् ॥ १३.८३.४० ॥
Ignobleness, misconduct, cruelty and an inert spirit reveal, here in the world, a man born of a tainted womb.
13.83.41
पित्र्यं वा भजते शीलं मातृजं वा तथोभयम् ।
न कथञ्च सङ्कीर्णः प्रवृतिं स्वां नियच्छति ॥ १३.८३.४१ ॥
He takes on his father's disposition, or his mother's, or both; though mixed, he somehow restrains his own course of conduct.
13.83.42
यथैव सदृसो रूपे मातावित्रोर्हि जायते ।
व्याघ्रबिन्दोस्तथा योनिं पुरुषः स्वां नियच्छति ॥ १३.८३.४२ ॥
Just as a child is born resembling its mother and father in form, so a man marked like a tiger's spot holds to his own lineage.
13.83.43
कुले स्रोतसि संच्छन्ने यस्य स्याद्योनिसङ्करः ।
संश्रयत्येव तच्छीलं नरोऽल्पमथवा बहु ॥ १३.८३.४३ ॥
In whose family there is a hidden stream of mixed birth, a man follows that nature, in small measure or large.
13.83.44
आर्यरूपसमाचारं चरन्तं कृतके पथि ।
सवर्णमन्यवर्णं वा स्वशीलं सास्ति निश्चये ॥ १३.८३.४४ ॥
Though one walks with a noble form and conduct but on a false path, whether of the same class or of another, his own nature surely comes to light.
13.83.45
नानावृत्तेषु भूतेषु नानाक्रमरतेषु च ।
जन्मवृत्तसमं लोके सुश्लिष्टं न विरज्यते ॥ १३.८३.४५ ॥
Among beings of diverse conduct, delighting in diverse courses, the one who in the world is well matched to his birth and conduct is not alienated.
13.83.46
शरीरमिह सत्वेन न तस्य परिकृष्यते ।
ज्येष्ठमध्यावरं सत्वं तुल्यसत्वं प्रमोदते ॥ १३.८३.४६ ॥
Here his worth is not measured by the body but by inner nature; the eldest, middle, and lowest nature rejoices with one of equal nature.
13.83.47
ज्यायांसमपि शीलेन विहीनं नैव पूजयेत् ।
अपि शूद्रं च धर्मज्ञं सद्वृत्तमभिपूजयेत् ॥ १३.८३.४७ ॥
One should not honor even an elder who lacks good character; one should honor even a śūdra who knows dharma and lives rightly.
13.83.48
आत्मानमाख्याति हि कर्मभिर्नरः ।
सुशीलचारित्रकुलैः शुभाशुभैः।
प्रनष्टमप्यात्मकुलं तथा नरः ।
पुनः प्रकाशं कुरुते स्वकर्मतः ॥ १३.८३.४८ ॥
A man reveals himself by his deeds, by good or bad character, conduct, and lineage. Even a lineage that has been lost a man makes shine again through his own deeds.
13.83.49
योनिष्वेतासु सर्वासु सङ्कीर्णास्वितरासु च ।
यत्रात्मानं न जनयेद्बुधस्तां परिवर्जयेत् ॥ १३.८३.४९ ॥
In all these wombs, and in the mixed and other lineages, the wise man should shun that in which he cannot beget his own offspring.