Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 14.109
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14.109.1
अन्नदानफलं श्रुत्वा प्रीतोस्मि मधुसूदन ।
भोजनस्य विधिं वक्तुं देवदेव त्वमर्हसि ॥ १४.१०९.१ ॥
O Madhusūdana, having heard the fruit of giving food, I am pleased. O god of gods, you are fit to tell the rule of eating.
14.109.2
बोजनस्य द्विजातीनां विधानं शृणु पाण्डव ।
स्नातः शुचिः शुचौ देशे निर्जने हुतपावकः ॥ १४.१०९.२ ॥
Listen, Pāṇḍava, to the rule of eating for the twice-born: having bathed and become pure, in a clean solitary place, having made offerings in the fire.
14.109.3
मण्डलं कारयित्वा च चतुरश्रं द्विजोत्तमः ।
क्षत्रियश्चेत्ततो वृत्तं वैश्योऽर्धेन्दुसमाकृतिम् ॥ १४.१०९.३ ॥
The best of the twice-born should make a circle and a square; if he is a kṣatriya, then a round one; a vaiśya should make one shaped like a half-moon.
14.109.4
आर्द्रपादस्तु भुञ्जीयात्प्राङ्मुखश्चासने शुचौ ।
पादाभ्यां धरणीं स्पृष्ट्वा पादेनैकेन वा पुनः ॥ १४.१०९.४ ॥
With wet feet, facing east, on a pure seat, one should eat; touching the earth with both feet, or again with one foot.
14.109.5
नैकवासास्तु भुञ्जीयान्न चान्तर्धाय वा द्विजः ।
न भिन्नपात्रे भुञ्जीत पर्णपृष्ठे तथैव च ॥ १४.१०९.५ ॥
The twice-born should not eat wearing only one garment, nor eat covered up; he should not eat from a broken vessel, nor likewise on the back of a leaf.
14.109.6
अन्नं पूर्वं नमस्कुर्यात्प्रहृष्टेनान्तरात्मना ।
नान्यदालोकयेदन्नान्न जुगुप्सेन तत्परः ॥ १४.१०९.६ ॥
One should first pay homage to the food with a joyful inner self; one should not look at anything other than the food, nor, intent upon it, regard the food with disgust.
14.109.7
जुगुप्सितं च यच्चान्नं राक्षसा एव भुञ्जते ।
पाणिना जलमुद्धृत्य कुर्यादन्नं प्रदक्षिणम् ॥ १४.१०९.७ ॥
Food that is loathsome is eaten only by demons. Taking water in the hand, one should circumambulate the food to the right.
14.109.8
अपेयं तद्विजानीयात्पीत्वा चान्द्रायणं चरेत् ।
परिवेषजलादन्यत्पेयमेव तु मन्त्रवत् ॥ १४.१०९.८ ॥
That should be known as undrinkable; having drunk it, one should perform the lunar penance. Other water than the water of the offering-circle is fit to drink, but only with mantra.
14.109.9
पञ्च प्राणाहुतीः कुर्यात्समन्त्रं तु पृथक्पृथक् ॥ १४.१०९.९ ॥
One should make five offerings to the life-breaths, each separately, with mantra.
14.109.10
यथा रसं न जानाति जिह्वा प्रामाहुतौ नृप ।
तथा समाहितः कुर्यात्प्राणाहुतिमतन्द्रिकतः ॥ १४.१०९.१० ॥
O king, just as the tongue does not know the taste during the offering to the life-breath, so one should perform the offering to the life-breath with concentrated and unwearied attention.
14.109.11
विदित्वाऽन्नमथान्नादं पञ्च प्राणांश्च पाण्डव ।
यः कुर्यादाहुतीः पञ्च तेनेष्टाः पञ्चवायवः ॥ १४.१०९.११ ॥
O Pāṇḍava, having known the food, the eater of food, and the five life-breaths, he who makes the five offerings — by him the five winds are worshipped.
14.109.12
अतोऽन्यथा तु भुञ्जानो ब्राह्मणो ज्ञानदुर्बलः ।
तेनान्नेनासुरान्प्रेतान्राक्षसांस्तर्पयिष्यति ॥ १४.१०९.१२ ॥
But a brahmin who eats otherwise, weak in knowledge, will by that food gratify the asuras, the ghosts and the rākṣasas.
14.109.13
वक्त्रप्रमाणान्पिण्डांश्च ग्रसेदेकैकशः पुनः ।
वक्त्राधिकं तु यत्पिण्डमात्मोच्छिष्टं तदुच्यते ॥ १४.१०९.१३ ॥
One should eat morsels the size of the mouth, one by one, again and again. A morsel larger than the mouth is called one's own leftover.
14.109.14
पिण्डावशिष्टमन्यच्च वक्त्रान्निस्सृतमेव च ।
अभोज्यं तद्विजानीयाद्भुक्त्वा चान्द्रायणं चरेत् ॥ १४.१०९.१४ ॥
Know that the remainder of a morsel, and anything expelled from the mouth, is not to be eaten; having eaten it, one should perform the lunar penance (cāndrāyaṇa).
14.109.15
स्वमुच्छिष्टं तु यो भुङ्क्ते यो भुङ्क्ते मुक्तभोजनम् ।
चान्द्रायणं चरेन्कृच्छ्रं प्राजापत्यमथापि वा ॥ १४.१०९.१५ ॥
He who eats his own leftovers, and he who eats uncovered food, should perform the lunar penance, the kṛcchra, or the prājāpatya penance.
14.109.16
स्त्रीपात्रभुङ्नरः पापः स्त्रीणामुच्छिष्टभुक्तथा ।
तया सह च यो भुङ्क्ते स भुङ्क्ते मद्यमेव हि।
न तस्य निष्कृतिर्दृष्टा मुनिभिस्तत्वदर्शिभिः ॥ १४.१०९.१६ ॥
The sinful man who eats from a woman's vessel, who eats women's leftovers, and who eats with her, in truth drinks liquor. No expiation for him has been seen by the sages who see the truth.
14.109.17
पिबतः पतिते तोये भोजने मुखनिस्सृते ।
अभोज्यं तद्विजानीयाद्भुक्त्वा चान्द्रायणं चरेत् ॥ १४.१०९.१७ ॥
Food or water that has fallen into the water or food of one who is drinking, or that has come out of the mouth, should be known as not to be eaten; having eaten it, one should perform the lunar penance.
14.109.18
पीतशेषं तु तन्नाम न पेयं पाण्डुनन्दन ।
पिबेद्यदि हि तन्मोहाद्द्विजश्चान्द्रायणं चरेत् ॥ १४.१०९.१८ ॥
O son of Pāṇḍu, the water left over after drinking is not to be drunk. If a twice-born man drinks it out of delusion, he should perform the lunar penance.
14.109.19
पानीयानि पिबेद्यते तत्पात्रं द्विजसत्तमः ।
अनुच्छिष्टं भवेत्तावद्यावद्भूमौ न निक्षिपेत् ॥ १४.१०९.१९ ॥
The best of the twice-born may drink water from that vessel; it is not defiled so long as it is not set down upon the ground.
14.109.20
मौनी वाऽप्यथवा भूमौ नावलोक्य दिशस्तथा ।
भुञ्जीत विधिवद्विप्रो न चोच्छिष्टं प्रदापयेत् ॥ १४.१०९.२० ॥
A brahmin should eat according to rule, silent, or not looking at the ground or the directions, and should not have leftovers given away.
14.109.21
सदा चात्यशनं नाद्यान्नातिहीनं च कर्हिचित् ।
यथाऽन्नेन व्यथा न स्यात्तथा भुञ्जीत नित्यशः ॥ १४.१०९.२१ ॥
One should never eat too much, nor ever too little; one should eat each day in such a way that the food brings no distress.
14.109.22
उदक्यामपि चण्डालं श्वानं सूकरमेव वा ।
भुञ्जानो यदि वा पश्येत्तदन्नं च परित्यजेत्।
भुञ्जानो ह्यत्यजन्मोहाद्द्विजश्चान्द्रायणं चरेत् ॥ १४.१०९.२२ ॥
If, while eating, one sees a menstruating woman, an outcaste, a dog or a pig, one should abandon that food; a twice-born man who, through delusion, eats without abandoning it should perform the lunar penance.
14.109.23
केशकीटोपपन्नं च मुखमारुतवीजितम् ।
अभोज्यं तद्विजानीयाद्भुक्त्वा चान्द्रायणं चरेत् ॥ १४.१०९.२३ ॥
Food containing hair and insects, and fanned by the breath of the mouth, should be known as not to be eaten; having eaten it, one should perform the lunar penance.
14.109.24
उत्थाय च पुनः स्पृष्टं पादस्पृष्टं च लङ्घितम् ।
अन्नं तद्राक्षसं विद्यात्तस्मात्तत्परिवर्जयेत् ॥ १४.१०९.२४ ॥
Food that has been touched again after one has risen, touched by a foot, or stepped over should be known as demonic; therefore one should avoid it.
14.109.25
राक्षसोच्छिष्टभुग्विप्रः सप्त पूर्वान्परानपि ।
नरके रौरवे घोर स पितॄन्पातयिष्यति ॥ १४.१०९.२५ ॥
A brahmin who eats the leftovers of a rākṣasa will cause his seven forefathers and his seven descendants to fall into the terrible Raurava hell.
14.109.26
तस्मिन्नाचमनं कुर्याद्यस्मिन्पात्रे स भुक्तवान् ।
यद्युत्तिष्ठत्यनाचान्तो भुक्तवानासनात्ततः।
स्नानं सद्यः प्रकुर्वीत सोन्यथाऽप्रयतो भवेत् ॥ १४.१०९.२६ ॥
One should sip water in the same vessel from which one has eaten. If one rises from the seat after eating without sipping water, one should bathe at once; otherwise one remains impure.
14.109.27
तृणमुष्टिविधानं च तृणमाहात्म्यमेव च ।
इक्षोः सोमसमुद्भूतिं वक्तुमर्हसि मानदः ॥ १४.१०९.२७ ॥
O giver of honour, you should tell me the rule of the handful of grass, the greatness of grass, and the origin of soma from sugarcane.
14.109.28
पितरो वृषभा ज्ञेयो गावो लोकस्य मातरः ।
तासां तु पूजया राजन्पूजिताः पितृदेवताः ॥ १४.१०९.२८ ॥
The ancestors should be known as bulls, and cows are the mothers of the world. O king, by honouring them the ancestral deities are honoured.
14.109.29
सभा प्रपा गृहाश्चापि देवतायतनानि च ।
शुद्ध्यन्ति शकृता यासांकिं भूतमधिकं ततः ॥ १४.१०९.२९ ॥
Assembly halls, watering places, houses and temples of the gods are purified by the dung of cows. What living being is greater than these?
14.109.30
ग्रासमुष्टिं परगवे दद्यात्संवत्सरं तु यः ।
अकृत्वा स्वयमाहारं प्राप्तस्तत्सार्वकालिकम् ॥ १४.१०९.३० ॥
A man who, for a whole year, gives a handful of fodder to another's cow without eating himself attains the fruit of that for all time.
14.109.31
गावो मे मातरः सर्वाः पितरश्चैव गोवृषाः ।
ग्रासमुष्टिं मया दत्तं प्रतिगृह्णीत मातरः ॥ १४.१०९.३१ ॥
All cows are my mothers, and the bulls are my fathers. Accept, O mothers, this handful of fodder given by me.
14.109.32
इत्युक्त्वाऽनेन मन्त्रेण गायत्र्या वा समाहितः ।
अभिमन्त्र्य ग्रासमुष्टिं तस्य पुण्यफलं शृणु ॥ १४.१०९.३२ ॥
Having spoken thus, and with mind composed, consecrating the handful of fodder with this mantra or with the Gāyatrī, hear now the meritorious fruit of it.
14.109.33
यत्कृतं दुष्कृतं तेन ज्ञानतोऽज्ञानतोपि वा ।
तस्य नश्यति तत्सर्वं दुःखप्नं च विनश्यति ॥ १४.१०९.३३ ॥
Whatever evil deed he has done, knowingly or even unknowingly, all of it perishes, and his bad dream too is destroyed.
14.109.34
तिलाः पिवित्राः पापघ्ना नारायणसमुद्भवाः ।
तिलाञ्श्राद्धे प्रशंसनति दानमेतदनुत्तमम् ॥ १४.१०९.३४ ॥
Sesame seeds are pure and destroy sin, born from Nārāyaṇa. In the śrāddha rite they are praised; this gift is supreme.
14.109.35
तिलान्दद्यात्तिलान्भक्ष्यात्तिलानप्रातरुपस्पृशेत् ।
तिलंतिलमिति ब्रूयात्तिलाः पापहरा हि ते ॥ १४.१०९.३५ ॥
One should give sesame, eat sesame, touch sesame in the morning, and say 'sesame, sesame'; for sesame seeds remove sin.
14.109.36
क्रीत्वा प्रतिगृहीत्वा वा न विक्रेया द्विजातिभिः ।
भोजनाभ्यञ्जनाद्दानाद्योन्यत्तु कुरुते तिलैः।
कृमिर्भूत्वा श्वविष्ठायां पितृभिः सह मज्जति ॥ १४.१०९.३६ ॥
The twice-born should not sell sesame, whether bought or received as a gift. Whoever does anything with sesame other than eating, anointing, or giving becomes a worm and sinks in dog's excrement together with his ancestors.
14.109.37
तिलान्नपीडयेद्विप्रो यन्त्रचक्रे स्वयं नृप ।
पीडयन्हि द्विजो मोहान्नरकं याति रौरवम् ॥ १४.१०९.३७ ॥
O king, a brahmin should not himself crush sesame in a press-wheel. A twice-born man who crushes out of delusion goes to the hell called Raurava.
14.109.38
इक्षुवंशोद्भवः सोमः सोमवंशोद्भवा द्विजाः ।
इक्षुं न पीडयेत्तस्मादिक्षुघात्यात्मघातकः ॥ १४.१०९.३८ ॥
Soma was born of the sugarcane lineage, and the twice-born are born of the lunar lineage. Therefore one should not crush sugarcane; the crusher of sugarcane is a self-slayer.
14.109.39
इक्षुदण्डसहस्राणामेकैकेन युधिष्ठिर ।
ब्रह्महत्यामवाप्नोति द्विजश्चेद्यन्त्रपीडकः।
तस्मान्न पीडयेदिक्षुं यन्त्रचक्रे द्विजोत्तमः ॥ १४.१०९.३९ ॥
O Yudhiṣṭhira, a twice-born man who crushes in a press, even one by one, thousands of sugarcane stalks, incurs the guilt of killing a brahmin. Therefore, best of the twice-born, one should not crush sugarcane in a press-wheel.