Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 12.220
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12.220.1
केन वृत्तेन वृत्तज्ञो जनको मिथिलाधिपः ।
जगाम मोक्षं धर्मज्ञो भोगानुत्सृज्य बुद्धिमान् ॥ १२.२२०.१ ॥
By what conduct did Janaka, lord of Mithilā, who knew proper behaviour and dharma and was wise, attain liberation, giving up enjoyments?
12.220.2
अत्राप्युदाहरन्तीममितिहासं पुरातनम् ।
येन वृत्तेन धर्मज्ञः स जगाम महत्सुखम् ॥ १२.२२०.२ ॥
Here too they cite this ancient story: by the conduct through which the one who knew dharma attained great happiness.
12.220.3
जनको जनदेवस्तु मिथिलायां जनाधिप ।
और्ध्वदेहिकधर्माणामासीद्युक्तो विचिन्तने ॥ १२.२२०.३ ॥
In Mithilā, Janaka, the god of the people, lord of the people, was devoted to reflecting on the duties concerning the afterlife rites.
12.220.4
तस्य स्म शतमाचार्या वसन्ति सततं गृहे ।
दर्शयन्तः पृथग्धर्मान्नानापाषण्डवादिनः ॥ १२.२२०.४ ॥
A hundred teachers always dwelt in his house, showing separate doctrines and expounding the views of various heretical sects.
12.220.5
स तेषां प्रेत्यभावेन प्रेत्य गातौ विनिश्चये ।
आगमस्थः स भूयिष्ठमात्मतत्त्वेन तुष्यन्ति ॥ १२.२२०.५ ॥
Concerning the state after death and the path, he weighed their views; abiding in scripture, he was mostly content with the truth of the self.
12.220.6
तत्र पञ्चशिखो नाम कापिलेयो महामुनिः ।
परिधावन्महीं कृत्स्नां जगाम यलामथ ॥ १२.२२०.६ ॥
There the great sage Pañcaśikha, a descendant of Kapila, wandered over the entire earth and went to a place called Yalā.
12.220.7
सर्वसंन्यासधर्माणां तत्त्वज्ञाननिश्चये ।
सुपर्यवसितार्थश्च निर्द्वन्द्वो नष्टगशयः ॥ १२.२२०.७ ॥
In the firm resolve of true knowledge of all the duties of renunciation, one whose purpose is fully accomplished, free from the pairs of opposites, with his inner attachment destroyed.
12.220.8
ऋषीणामाहुरेकं यं कामाद…नृषु ।
शाश्वतं सुखमत्यन्तमन्वि…सुदुर्लभम् ॥ १२.२२०.८ ॥
Among the sages they speak of one who, from desire … among men.
12.220.9
यमाहुः कपिलं साङ्ख्याः परमर्षि प्रजापतिम् ।
समेत्य तेन रूपेण विस्मापयति हि स्वयम् ॥ १२.२२०.९ ॥
Whom the Sāṅkhya call Kapila, the supreme sage, the lord of creatures; having met him, he astonishes by his very form.
12.220.10
आसुरेः प्रथमं शिष्यं यमाहुश्चिरजीविनम् ।
पञ्चस्रोतसि यः सत्रमास्ते वर्षसहस्रिकम् ॥ १२.२२०.१० ॥
The first disciple of Āsuri, whom they call long-lived, who remains in the sacrificial session in the five-streamed river for a thousand years.
12.220.11
तमासीनं समागम्य कापिलं मण्डलं महत् ।
पञ्चस्रोतसि निष्णातः पञ्चरात्रविशारदः। ॥ १२.२२०.११ ॥
Approaching him seated in the great circle of Kapila, expert in the five-streamed river, skilled in the Pañcarātra.
12.220.12
पञ्चज्ञः पञ्चकृत्पञ्चगुणः पञ्चशिखः स्मृतः ।
पुरुषावस्थमव्यक्तं परमार्थं न्यवेदयत् ॥ १२.२२०.१२ ॥
Knower of the five, maker of the five, possessor of the five qualities, remembered as Pañcaśikha; he declared the unmanifest supreme truth of the state of the person.
12.220.13
इष्ट्वा सत्रेण संपृष्टो भूयश्च तपसाऽऽसुरिः ।
क्षेत्रक्षेत्रज्ञयोर्व्यक्तिं बुबुधे देवदर्शनात् ॥ १२.२२०.१३ ॥
Having performed a long sacrifice, and questioned again through asceticism, Āsuri came to know the manifest nature of the field and the knower of the field through the vision of the god.
12.220.14
यत्तदेकाक्षरं ब्रह्म नानारूपं प्रदृश्यते ।
बोधायनपरान्विप्रानृषिभावमुपागतः।
आसुरिर्मण्डले तस्मिन्प्रतिपेदे तदव्ययम् ॥ १२.२२०.१४ ॥
That single-syllabled Brahman, which is seen in many forms, Āsuri attained, having reached the state of a sage among the brahmins devoted to Bodhāyana; in that assembly he attained that imperishable.
12.220.15
तस्य पञ्चशिखः शिष्यो मानुष्याः पयसा भृतः ।
ब्राह्मणी कपिला नाम काचिदासीत्कुटुम्बिनी ॥ १२.२२०.१५ ॥
His disciple was Pañcaśikha, who was nourished with the milk of a human woman; there was a certain householder, a brahmin woman named Kapilā.
12.220.16
तस्याः पुत्रत्वमागम्य स्त्रियाः स पिबति स्तनौ ।
ततः स कापिलेयत्वं लेभे बुद्धिं च नैष्ठिकीम् ॥ १२.२२०.१६ ॥
Having come as her son, he drinks from the breasts of that woman; then he obtained the state of being a son of Kapilā, and steadfast wisdom.
12.220.17
एतन्मे भगवानाह कापिलेयस्य संभवम् ।
तस्य तत्कापिलेयत्वं सर्ववित्त्वमनुत्तमम् ॥ १२.२२०.१७ ॥
The venerable one told me this about the birth of Kapila's son; his being a son of Kapila and his supreme omniscience.
12.220.18
सामान्यं जनकं ज्ञात्वा धर्मज्ञानामनुत्तमम् ।
उपेत्य शतमाचार्यान्मोहयामास हेतुभिः ॥ १२.२२०.१८ ॥
Knowing the ordinary father, the supreme among knowers of dharma approached a hundred teachers and bewildered them with arguments.
12.220.19
निराकरिष्णुस्तान्सर्वांस्तेषां हेतुगुणान्वहून् ।
श्रावयामास मतिमान्मुनिः पञ्चशिखो नृप ॥ १२.२२०.१९ ॥
The wise sage Pañcaśikha, refuting all their many arguments and qualities, made them heard, O king.
12.220.20
जनकस्त्वभिसंरक्तः कापिलेयानुदर्शनात् ।
उत्सृज्य शतमाचार्यान्पृष्ठतोऽनुजगाम तम् ॥ १२.२२०.२० ॥
But Janaka, deeply drawn to the followers of Kapila upon seeing them, abandoned the hundred teachers and went after him.
12.220.21
तस्मै परमकल्याय प्रणताय च धर्मतः ।
अब्रवीत्परमं मोक्षं यतः साङ्ख्यं विधीयते ॥ १२.२२०.२१ ॥
To him, supremely auspicious and bowed down in accordance with dharma, he spoke of the supreme liberation, by which the Sāṅkhya is prescribed.
12.220.22
जातिनिर्वेदमुक्त्वा स कर्मनिर्वेदमब्रवीत् ।
कर्मनिर्वेदमुक्त्वा च सर्वनिर्वेदमब्रवीत् ॥ १२.२२०.२२ ॥
Having spoken of detachment from birth, he spoke of detachment from action; and having spoken of detachment from action, he spoke of detachment from all things.
12.220.23
यदर्थं धर्मसंसर्गः कर्मणां च फलोदयः ।
तमनाश्वासिकं मोहं विनाशि चलमध्रुवम् ॥ १२.२२०.२३ ॥
That for which association with dharma and the arising of the fruits of actions occur is a delusion that gives no assurance: perishable, unsteady and unstable.
12.220.24
दृश्यमाने विनाशे च प्रत्यक्षे लोकसाक्षिके ।
आगमात्परमस्तीति ब्रुवन्नपि पराजितः ॥ १२.२२०.२४ ॥
Even while destruction is seen, evident and witnessed by the world, one who says from scripture that 'there is a supreme' is defeated.
12.220.25
आत्मना ह्यात्मनो नित्यं क्लेशमृत्युजरामयम् ।
आत्मानं मन्यते मोहात्तदसम्यक्परं मतम् ॥ १२.२२०.२५ ॥
For the self is always, by itself, subject to affliction, death, old age and sickness; yet through delusion a man thinks of it as such — that supreme view is not correct.
12.220.26
अथ चेदेवमप्यस्ति यल्लोके नोपपद्यते ।
अजरोऽयममृत्युश्च राजाऽसौ मन्यते तथा ॥ १२.२२०.२६ ॥
Even if it were so — though it is not possible in the world — that king (the living self) thinks in this way: that he is ageless and deathless.
12.220.27
अस्ति नास्तीति चाप्येतत्तस्मिन्नसति लक्षणे ।
किमधिष्ठाय तद्ब्रूयाल्लोकयात्राविनिश्चयम् ॥ १२.२२०.२७ ॥
'It is' and 'it is not' — this too is said when that mark is absent. Then, resting upon that, who could declare the settled course of worldly life?
12.220.28
प्रत्यक्षं ह्येतयोर्मूलं कृतान्तैतिह्ययोरपि ।
प्रत्यक्षेणागमो भिन्नः कृतान्तो वा न कश्चन ॥ १२.२२०.२८ ॥
Perception is indeed the root of these two — of scripture and tradition as well. Apart from perception there is no separate testimony, nor any separate doctrine.
12.220.29
यत्रतत्रानुमानेऽस्मिन्कृतं भावयतोऽपि च ।
नान्यो जीवः शरीरस्य नास्तिकानां मते स्मृतः ॥ १२.२२०.२९ ॥
Here and there, in this inference, even for one who contemplates what has been done — in the view of the atheists, no living self apart from the body is held to exist.
12.220.30
रेतो वटकणीकायां घृतपाकाधिवासनम् ।
जातिः स्मृतिरयस्कान्तः सूर्यकान्तोऽम्बुभक्षणम् ॥ १२.२२०.३० ॥
Seed in the banyan seed-kernel, soaking as in the cooking of ghee, birth, memory, the lodestone, the sun-crystal, and the drinking of water — these are the examples.
12.220.31
प्रेत्य भूताप्ययश्चैव देवताभ्युपयाचनम् ।
मृते कर्मनिवृत्तिश्च प्रमाणमिति निश्चयः ॥ १२.२२०.३१ ॥
After death, the dissolution of the elements, the propitiation of the gods, and at death the cessation of action—this is the proof, so it is determined.
12.220.32
न त्वेते हेतवः सन्ति ये केचिन्मूर्तिसंस्थिताः ।
अमूर्तस्य हि मूर्तेन सामान्यं नोपपद्यते ॥ १२.२२०.३२ ॥
But none of the causes that rest in embodied form are these; for the formless cannot hold any common ground with the embodied.
12.220.33
अविद्याकर्मचेष्टानां केचिदाहुः पुनर्भवे ।
कारणं लोभमोहौ तु दोषाणां च निषेवणम् ॥ १२.२२०.३३ ॥
Some say that for the activities of ignorance and action, in rebirth the cause is greed and delusion, and the indulgence in faults.
12.220.34
अविद्यां क्षेत्रमाहुर्हि कर्मबीजं तथा कृतम् ।
तृष्णासंजननं स्नेह एष तेषां पुनर्भवः ॥ १२.२२०.३४ ॥
Ignorance they call the field, and the deed done is the seed; the attachment that generates craving is their rebirth.
12.220.35
तस्मिन्मूढे च जग्धे च देहे मरणधर्मिणि ।
अन्योऽसौ जायते प्रेतस्तदाहुस्तत्वमक्षयम् ॥ १२.२२०.३५ ॥
In that deluded and consumed body, subject to death, another is born as that departed one; that they call the imperishable truth.
12.220.36
यदा स्वरूपतश्चान्यो जातितः श्रुतितोऽर्थतः ।
कथमस्मिन्स इत्येवं संबोधः स्यादसंहितः ॥ १२.२२०.३६ ॥
When, in form, in kind, in tradition and in meaning it is another, how could the recognition arise, 'he is in this'? It would be unconnected.
12.220.37
एवं सति च का प्रीतिर्दानविद्यातपोबलैः ।
यद्यदाचरितं कर्म सर्वमन्यत्प्रपद्यते ॥ १२.२२०.३७ ॥
If it is so, what delight comes from the power of gift, learning and austerity? Whatever action is performed, all of it passes on to another.
12.220.38
यदि ह्ययमिहैवान्यैः प्राकृतैर्दुःखितो भवेत् ।
सुखितो दुःखितैर्वाऽपि दृश्यो ह्यस्यविनिर्णयः ॥ १२.२२०.३८ ॥
If here he is made miserable by other ordinary people, or a happy man is made miserable by the miserable, then no certain judgement of this is seen.
12.220.39
यदा हि मुसलैर्हन्युः शरीरं न पुनर्भवेत् ।
पृथग्ज्ञानं यदन्यच्च येनैतन्नोपपद्यते ॥ १२.२२०.३९ ॥
When the body is struck with clubs, it does not come back again; and the separate knowledge, by which this is not established, is also separate.
12.220.40
ऋतुसंवत्सरौ तिथ्यः शीतोष्णेऽथ प्रियाप्रिये ।
यथाऽतीता न दृश्यन्ते तादृशः सत्वसंक्षयः ॥ १२.२२०.४० ॥
Seasons, years, lunar days, cold and heat, pleasant and unpleasant: as the past ones are no longer seen, so is the destruction of beings.
12.220.41
जरयाऽभिपरीतस्य मृत्युना न विनाशिना ।
दुर्बलं दुर्बलं पूर्वं गृहस्येव विनश्यति ॥ १२.२२०.४१ ॥
For one encircled by old age, not yet by destroying death, the weak, growing weaker first, perishes like a house.
12.220.42
इन्द्रियाणी मनो वायुः शोणितं मांसमस्थि च ।
आनुपूर्व्या विनश्यन्ति स्वं धातुमुपयान्ति च ॥ १२.२२०.४२ ॥
The senses, mind, breath, blood, flesh and bone perish in order, and each returns to its own element.
12.220.43
लोकयात्राविधानं च दानधर्मफलागमः ।
तदर्थं वेदशब्दाश्च व्यवहाराश्च लौकिकाः ॥ १२.२२०.४३ ॥
The ordering of worldly life and the arrival of the fruit of giving and dharma; for that purpose exist the words of the Vedas and the customs of the world.
12.220.44
इति सम्यङ्भनस्येते बहवः सन्ति हेतवः ।
एतदासीन्ममास्तीति न कश्चित्प्रतिपद्यते ॥ १२.२२०.४४ ॥
Thus there are many causes for fully settling the mind. No one firmly holds: 'This was mine, this is mine.'
12.220.45
तेषां विमृशतामेवं तत्तत्समभिधावताम् ।
क्वचिन्निविशते बुद्धिस्तत्र जीर्यति वृक्षवत् ॥ १२.२२०.४५ ॥
As they reflect thus, running after each object, their intellect settles somewhere, and there it decays like a tree.
12.220.46
एवमर्थैरनर्थैश्च दुःखिताः सर्वजन्तवः ।
आगमैरपकृष्यन्ते हस्तिपैर्हस्तिनो यथा ॥ १२.२२०.४६ ॥
Thus all creatures, afflicted by gains and losses, are dragged along by their arrivals, as elephants are led by the elephant-drivers.
12.220.47
न जातु कामः कामानामुपभोगेन शाम्यति ।
हविषा कृष्णवर्त्मेव भूय एवाभिवर्धते ॥ १२.२२०.४७ ॥
Desire is never quieted by enjoying objects of desire; rather, as the black-path fire is fed with oblation, it only grows again.
12.220.48
अर्थांस्तथाऽत्यन्तमुखावहांश्च ।
लिप्सन्त एते बहवो विशुष्काः।
महत्तरं दुःखमनुप्रपन्ना ।
हित्वा सुखं मृत्युवशं प्रयान्ति ॥ १२.२२०.४८ ॥
Many such dried-up men, longing for goals that bring the highest happiness, fall into greater suffering, abandon happiness, and go under the power of death.
12.220.49
विनाशिनो ह्यध्नुवजीवितस्य ।
किं बन्धुभिर्मित्रपरिग्रहैश्च।
विहाय यो गच्छति सर्वमेव ।
क्षणेन गत्वा न निवर्तते च ॥ १२.२२०.४९ ॥
What is the use of kinsmen and the gathering of friends in a life that is perishable and unsteady? He who leaves everything behind and goes in an instant does not return.
12.220.50
भूव्योमतोयानलवायवोऽपि ।
सदा शरीरं प्रतिपालयन्ति।
इतीदमालक्ष्य रतिः कुतो भवे ।
द्विनाशिनो ह्यस्य न कर्म विद्यते ॥ १२.२२०.५० ॥
Earth, sky, water, fire and air also always sustain the body. Having perceived this, how can delight arise in existence? For that which is doubly perishable has no lasting action.
12.220.51
इदमनुपधिवाक्यमच्छलं ।
परमनिरामयमात्मसाक्षिकम्।
नरपतिरभिवीक्ष्य विस्मितः ।
पुनरनुयोक्तुमिदं प्रचक्रमे ॥ १२.२२०.५१ ॥
This guileless, unconditioned, supreme and flawless discourse is witnessed by the self. The king, astonished on seeing it, began again to question him about this.