Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 12.221
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12.221.1
जनको नरदेवस्तु ज्ञापितः परमर्षिणा ।
पुनरेवानुपप्रच्छ सांपराये भवाभवौ ॥ १२.२२१.१ ॥
King Janaka, lord of men, having been instructed by the supreme sage, again asked about existence and non-existence in the next world.
12.221.2
भगवन्यदिदं प्रेत्य संज्ञा भवति कस्यचित् ।
एवं सति किमज्ञानं ज्ञानं वा किं करिष्यति ॥ १२.२२१.२ ॥
Venerable one, if consciousness persists for someone after death, then what will ignorance do, or what will knowledge do?
12.221.3
विवादादेव सिद्धोऽसौ कारणस्येव वेदना ।
चेतनो विद्यते ह्यत्र हैतुकं च मनोगतम् ॥ १२.२२१.३ ॥
It is established only through debate, like pain arising from a cause. Here the conscious being exists, and also what is logical and what dwells in the mind.
12.221.4
आगमादेव सिद्धोऽसौ स्वताः सिद्धा इति श्रुतिः ।
वर्तते पृथगन्योन्यं न ह्यपःश्रित्य कर्मसु ॥ १२.२२१.४ ॥
It is established only by scripture; the śruti says they are self-established. They exist separately from one another, not relying on water in actions.
12.221.5
चेतनो ह्यंशवस्तत्र स्वमूर्तं धारयन्त्यतः ।
स्वभावं पौरुषं कर्म ह्यात्मानं तमुपाश्रितम्।
तमाश्रित्य प्रवर्तन्ते देहिनो देहबन्धनाः ॥ १२.२२१.५ ॥
Parts of the conscious being there take on their own form; therefore nature, human effort and action proceed relying upon that self. Relying upon it, embodied beings bound to bodies become active.
12.221.6
गुणज्ञानमभिज्ञानं तस्य लिङ्गानुशब्दयत् ।
पृथिव्यादिषु भूतेषु तत्तदाहुर्निदर्शनम् ॥ १२.२२१.६ ॥
Knowledge of his qualities is the recognition, indicated by marks; among the elements such as earth, each is called a demonstration of it.
12.221.7
आत्माऽसौ वर्तते भिन्नस्तत्रतत्र समन्वितः ।
परमात्मा तथीवैको देवेऽस्मिन्निति वै श्रुतिः ॥ १२.२२१.७ ॥
That self abides, divided yet joined to each place in turn; the supreme self likewise is one — in this god, so the śruti says.
12.221.8
आकाशं वायुरूष्भा च स्नेहो यच्चापि पार्थिवम् ।
यथा त्रिधा प्रवर्तन्ते तथाऽसौ पुरुषः स्मृतः ॥ १२.२२१.८ ॥
Space, air, heat, moisture, and whatever is earthly: as these proceed in three ways, so that person is said to be remembered.
12.221.9
पपस्यन्तर्हितं यद्वत्तद्वद्व्याप्तं महात्मकम् ।
पूर्वं नैश्चर्ययोगेन तस्मादेतन्न शेपवान् ॥ १२.२२१.९ ॥
As what is hidden within, so is that great-self pervasive form, which formerly, through the yoga of lordship, is therefore not limited.
12.221.10
शब्दाः कालः क्रिया देहो ममैकस्वैव कल्पना ।
स्वभावं तन्मयं त्वेदं मायारूपं तु भेदवत् ॥ १२.२२१.१० ॥
Sound, time, action, body — these are of my one imagining alone; this, made of his own nature, has the form of illusion, yet appears to be divided.
12.221.11
नानाख्यं परं शुद्धं निर्विकल्पं परात्मकम् ।
लिङ्गादि देवमध्यास्ते ज्ञानं देवस्य तत्तथा ॥ १२.२२१.११ ॥
Having many names, supreme, pure, undifferentiated, consisting of the supreme self — the god abides in the liṅga and the like; knowledge of the god is likewise.
12.221.12
चिन्मयोऽयं हि नादाख्यः शब्दश्चासौ मनो महान् ।
गतिमानुत संधत्ते वर्णमत्तत्पदान्वितम् ॥ १२.२२१.१२ ॥
This is made of consciousness; the sound named nāda; that is the great mind, which, moving, joins the sound furnished with letters and linked with those words.
12.221.13
कायो नास्ति च तेषां वै अवकाशस्तथा परम् ।
एतेनोढा इति चाख्याताः सर्वे ते धर्मदूषकाः ॥ १२.२२१.१३ ॥
They have no body, and no place of rest either. For this reason they are called deluded; they are all corrupters of dharma.
12.221.14
अवन्धनमविज्ञानाज्ज्ञानं तद्भुवमव्ययम् ।
नानाभेदविकल्पने येषामात्मा स्मृतः सदा ॥ १२.२२१.१४ ॥
That knowledge, not bound by ignorance, is steady and imperishable; for those who always conceive the self as held in the imagining of manifold distinctions.
12.221.15
प्रकृतेरपरस्तेषां बहवोऽप्यात्मवादिनः ।
विरोधो ह्यात्मसन्मायां न तेषां सिद्ध एव हि।
अन्यदा च गृहीतै…वेदबाह्यास्ततः स्मृताः ॥ १२.२२१.१५ ॥
Among them, however, there are many who teach a self apart from nature. Their doctrine of the illusion of the self is contradictory, and it is not established for them. Taken up at another time…; therefore they are regarded as outside the Veda.
12.221.16
एकानेकात्मकं तेषां प्रतिषेधो हि भेदनुत् ।
तस्माद्वेदस्य हृदयमद्वैध्यमिति विद्धि तत् ॥ १२.२२१.१६ ॥
The refutation of their one-and-many nature dispels division. Therefore know that this is the heart of the Veda: non-duality.
12.221.17
वेदादृष्टेरयं लोकः सर्वार्थेषु प्रवर्तते ।
तस्माच्च स्मृतयो जाताः सेतिहासाः पृथग्विधाः ॥ १२.२२१.१७ ॥
From the unseen power of the Veda, this world proceeds in all its affairs. Therefore the smṛti texts arose, together with the legends, of many kinds.
12.221.18
न यन्न साध्यं तद्ब्रह्म नादिमध्यं न चान्तवत् ।
इन्द्रियाणि च भूरीणि परा च प्रकृतिर्मनः ॥ १२.२२१.१८ ॥
That which cannot be accomplished is Brahman; it has no beginning, middle, or end. The senses are many, and the supreme nature is the mind.
12.221.19
आत्मा च परमः शुद्धः प्रोक्तोऽसौ परमः पुमान् ॥ १२.२२१.१९ ॥
The self is declared to be supreme and pure; that is the supreme person.
12.221.20
उत्पत्तिलक्षणं चेदं विपरीतमथोभयोः ।
यो वेत्ति प्रकृतिं नित्यं तथा चैवात्मनस्तु ताम्।
प्रदहत्येष कर्माख्यं दावोद्भूत इवानलः ॥ १२.२२१.२० ॥
This is the mark of origination, opposite to both. He who always knows prakṛti and likewise the self burns up this called karma, like a fire arisen in a forest blaze.
12.221.21
चिन्मात्रपरमः शुद्धः सर्वाकृतिषु वर्तते ॥ १२.२२१.२१ ॥
Supreme as pure consciousness alone, the pure one abides in all forms.
12.221.22
आकाशकल्पं विमलं नानाशक्तिसमन्वितम् ।
तापनं सर्वभूतानां ज्योतिषां मध्यमस्थितिम्।
दुःखमस्ति न निर्दुःखं तद्विद्वान्न च लिप्यति ॥ १२.२२१.२२ ॥
Like space, stainless, endowed with manifold powers, heating all beings, standing in the middle of lights; there is suffering in it, yet it is also free from suffering; the wise one is not affected by it.
12.221.23
असावश्नाति यद्वत्तद्वमरोऽश्नाति यन्मधु ।
एवमेव महानात्मा नात्मानमवबुध्यते ॥ १२.२२१.२३ ॥
Just as that one eats, and the immortal eats the honey, so the great self does not perceive itself.
12.221.24
एवंभूतस्त्वमित्यत्र स्वाधितो बुद्ध्यते परम ।
बुधस्य बोधनं तत्र क्रियते सद्भिरित्युत।
न बुधस्येति वै कश्चिन्न तथावच्छृणुष्व मे ॥ १२.२२१.२४ ॥
'You are just this' — here the supreme is understood by oneself through self-instruction. The awakening of the wise is done by the good; yet there is no one who is 'of the wise'. Listen to me as it is.
12.221.25
शोकमस्य न गत्वा ते शास्त्राणां शास्त्रदस्यवः ।
लोकं निध्नन्ति संभिन्ना ज्ञातिनोत्र वदन्त्युत ॥ १२.२२१.२५ ॥
Not knowing its grief, the plunderers of the scriptures, confused and divided, destroy the world; here they speak thus.
12.221.26
एवं तस्य विभोः कृत्यं धातुरस्य महात्मनः ।
क्षमन्ति ते महात्मानः सर्वद्वन्द्वविवर्जिताः ॥ १२.२२१.२६ ॥
Thus the great souls, free from all pairs of opposites, forgive the deed of that all-pervading creator, the great soul.
12.221.27
अतोऽन्यथा महात्मानमन्यथा प्रतिपद्यते ।
किं तेन न कृतं पापं चोरेणात्मापहारिणा ॥ १२.२२१.२७ ॥
Therefore, what sin has not been committed by one who regards the great soul otherwise? What sin has not been committed by the thief who steals the self?
12.221.28
तस्य संयोगयोगेन शुचिरप्यशुचिर्भवेत् ।
अशुचिश्च शुचिश्चापि ज्ञानाद्देहादयो यथा ॥ १२.२२१.२८ ॥
By the union of connection with it, the pure may become impure, and the impure may become pure, as the body and the rest appear through knowledge.
12.221.29
दृश्यं न चैव दृष्टं स्याद्दृष्टं दृश्यं तु नैव च ॥ १२.२२१.२९ ॥
The seen cannot become the seer, nor the seer the seen.
12.221.30
अतीतत्रितयाः सिद्धा ज्ञानरूपेण सर्वदा ।
एवं न प्रतिपद्यन्ते रागमोहमदान्विताः ॥ १२.२२१.३० ॥
The perfected ones who have passed beyond the three always abide in the form of knowledge; but those endowed with attachment, delusion and pride do not thus attain it.
12.221.31
वेदबाह्या दुरात्मानः संसारे दुःखभागिनः ।
आगमानुगतज्ञाना बुद्धियुक्ता भवन्ति ते ॥ १२.२२१.३१ ॥
Those who stand outside the Veda, evil-minded, share in suffering in saṃsāra. Those whose knowledge follows the āgama become endowed with discernment.
12.221.32
बुद्ध्या भवति बुद्ध्या त्वं यद्बुद्धं चात्मरूपवत् ।
तमस्यन्धे न संदेहात्परं यान्ति न संशयः ॥ १२.२२१.३२ ॥
It comes about through intellect, and what you have known is like the form of the self. Not in deep darkness and not through doubt do they attain the highest; there is no doubt.
12.221.33
नित्यनैमित्तिकान्कृत्वा पापहानिमवाप्य च ।
शुद्धसत्वा महात्मानो ज्ञाननिर्धूतकल्मषाः ॥ १२.२२१.३३ ॥
Having performed the constant and occasional rites and obtained the loss of sin, the great souls of pure nature have their stains washed away by knowledge.
12.221.34
असक्ताः परिवर्तन्ते संसरन्त्यथ वायुवत् ।
न युज्यन्तेऽथवा क्लेशैरहंभावोद्भवैः सह ॥ १२.२२१.३४ ॥
Unattached, they move about and wander in saṃsāra like the wind. Or they are not joined with the afflictions that arise from the sense of 'I'.
12.221.35
इतस्ततः समाहृत्य ज्ञानं निर्वर्णयन्त्युत ।
ज्ञानान्वितस्तमो हन्यादर्कवत्स महामतिः ॥ १२.२२१.३५ ॥
Gathering knowledge from here and there, they determine it. Endowed with knowledge, the great-minded one should destroy darkness like the sun.
12.221.36
एवमात्मानमन्वीक्ष्य नानादुःखसमन्वितम् ।
देहं पङ्कमले मग्नं निर्मलं परमार्थतः ॥ १२.२२१.३६ ॥
Thus, having examined the self, endowed with many sufferings, and the body sunk in mire and filth, knowing it as stainless in the highest truth.
12.221.37
तमेवं सर्वदुःखात्तु मोचयेत्परमात्मवान् ।
ब्रह्मचर्यव्रतोपेतः सर्वसङ्गबहिष्कृतः।
लघ्वाहारो विशुद्धात्मा परं निर्वाणमृच्छति ॥ १२.२२१.३७ ॥
Let one who knows the supreme self free him from all suffering. Endowed with the vow of celibate discipline, set apart from all attachments, eating lightly, with a purified self, he attains supreme liberation.
12.221.38
इन्द्रियाणि मनो वायुः शोणितं मांसमस्थि च ।
आनुपूर्व्याद्विनश्यन्ति स्वं धातुमुपयान्ति च ॥ १२.२२१.३८ ॥
The senses, the mind, the breath, blood, flesh and bone perish in due order, and each returns to its own element.
12.221.39
कारणानुगतं कार्यं यदि तच्च विनश्यति ।
अलिङ्गस्य कथं लिङ्गं युज्यते तन्मृषा दृढम् ॥ १२.२२१.३९ ॥
If an effect that follows its cause also perishes, how can a mark be attributed to the unmarked? That is firmly false.
12.221.40
न त्वेव हेतवः सन्ति ये केचिन्मूर्तिसंस्थिताः ।
अमर्त्यस्य च मर्त्येन सामान्यं नोपपद्यते ॥ १२.२२१.४० ॥
But there are no causes fixed in bodily form. Commonality between the immortal and the mortal cannot hold.
12.221.41
लोकदृष्टो यथा जातेः स्वेदजः पुरुषः स्त्रियाम् ।
कृतानुस्मरणात्सिद्धो वेदगम्यः परः पुमान् ॥ १२.२२१.४१ ॥
As in the world a man born from a woman is seen by his birth, so the supreme person, established by recollection of deeds done and knowable through the Veda, exists.
12.221.42
प्रत्यक्षानुगतो वेदो नामहेतुभिरिष्यते ॥ १२.२२१.४२ ॥
The Veda, which follows perception, is accepted through the reasons of names.
12.221.43
यथा शाखा हि वै शाखा तरोः संबध्यते तदा ।
श्रुत्या तथापरोप्यात्मा दृश्यते सोऽप्यलिङ्गवान्।
अलिङ्गसाध्यं तद्ब्रह्म बहवः सन्ति हेतवः ॥ १२.२२१.४३ ॥
Just as a branch is joined to its tree, so the self, though without marks, is seen as ascribed by scripture. Brahman, which is without marks, is to be attained; there are many means to it.
12.221.44
लोकयात्राविधानं च दानधर्मफलागमः ।
तदर्थं वेदशब्दाश्च व्यवहाराश्च लौकिकाः ॥ १२.२२१.४४ ॥
The ordering of worldly life and the arrival of the fruit of giving and dharma—for these sake the words of the Vedas and worldly practices exist.
12.221.45
इति सम्यङ्भनस्येते बहवः सन्ति हेतवः ।
एतदस्तीदमस्तीति न किंचित्प्रतिदृश्यते ॥ १२.२२१.४५ ॥
Thus, when the mind considers well, these are many causes. Nothing is clearly seen as 'this is, this is.'
12.221.46
तेषां विमृशतामेवं तत्तत्समभिधावताम् ।
क्वचिन्निविशते बुद्धिस्तत्र जीर्यति वृक्षवत् ॥ १२.२२१.४६ ॥
For those who reflect in this way, running after each and every thing, the intellect settles somewhere, and there it decays like a tree.
12.221.47
एवमर्थैरनर्थैश्च दुःखिताः सर्वजन्तवः ।
आगमैरपकृष्यन्ति हस्तिनो हस्तिपैर्यथा ॥ १२.२२१.४७ ॥
Thus all creatures, afflicted by aims and aimless things, are dragged along by scriptural teachings, as elephants are dragged by their mahouts.
12.221.48
न जातु कामः कामामामुपभोगेन शाम्यति ।
हविषा कृष्णवर्त्मेव भूय एवाभिर्वधते ॥ १२.२२१.४८ ॥
Desire is never quieted by enjoying objects of desire; as fire is fed with ghee and blazes higher, so it grows again and again.
12.221.49
अर्थांस्तथाऽत्यन्तदुःखाबहांश्च ।
लिप्सन्त एके बहवो विशुष्काः।
महत्तरं दुःखमभिप्रपन्ना ।
हित्वा सुखं मृत्युवशं प्रयान्ति ॥ १२.२२१.४९ ॥
Some, many withered ones, desiring wealth that brings extreme sorrow, fall into greater suffering, abandon happiness, and go under the power of death.
12.221.50
विनाशिनो ह्यध्रुवजीवितस्य ।
किं बन्धुभिर्मन्त्रपरिग्रहैश्च।
विहाय यो गच्छति सर्वमेव ।
क्षणेन गत्वा न निवर्तते च ॥ १२.२२१.५० ॥
What use are kinsmen and gathered counsels to one whose life is perishable and unstable? He who abandons everything and departs in a moment never returns.
12.221.51
स्वं भूमितोयानलवायवो हि ।
सदा शरीरं प्रतिपालयन्ति।
इतीदमालक्ष्य कुतो रतिर्भवे ।
द्विनाशिनो ह्यस्य न कर्म विद्यते ॥ १२.२२१.५१ ॥
Earth, water, fire and air always sustain the body. Knowing this, from where comes attachment in this world? It is perishable in two ways, and there is no lasting action in it.
12.221.52
इदमनुपधिवाक्यमच्छलं ।
परमनिरामयमात्मसाक्षिकम्।
नरपतिरनुवीक्ष्य विस्मितः ।
पुनरनुयोक्तुमिदं प्रचक्रमे ॥ १२.२२१.५२ ॥
Seeing these words, guileless, supreme, free from defect, and witnessed by the self, the king was astonished and began again to question him on this matter.