Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 12.301
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12.301.1
एष धर्मविधिस्तात गृहस्थस्य प्रकीर्तितः ।
तपोविधिं तु वक्ष्यामि तन्मे निगदतः शृणु ॥ १२.३०१.१ ॥
Dear son, this rule of dharma for the householder has been declared. Now I shall tell the rule of asceticism; listen to me.
12.301.2
प्रायेण च गृहस्थस्य ममत्वं नाम जायते ।
सङ्गागतं नरश्रेष्ठ भावै राजसतामसैः ॥ १२.३०१.२ ॥
Best of men, generally in the householder there arises the sense of 'mine'; it comes from attachment and is born of the states of passion and dullness.
12.301.3
गृहाण्याश्रित्य गावश्च क्षेत्राणि च धनानि च ।
दाराः पुत्राश्च भृत्याश्च भवन्तीह नरस्य वै ॥ १२.३०१.३ ॥
Houses, cattle, fields and wealth, wives, sons and servants — these come into being here, depending on a man.
12.301.4
एवं तस्य प्रवृत्तस्य नित्यमेवानुपश्यतः ।
रागद्वेषौ विवर्धेते ह्यनित्यत्वमपश्यतः ॥ १२.३०१.४ ॥
Thus, for one who is engaged in worldly life and constantly looks on, attachment and aversion grow, for he does not see impermanence.
12.301.5
रागद्वेषाभिभूतं च नरं द्रव्यवशानुगम् ।
मोहजस्तारतिर्नाम समुपैति नराधिप ॥ १२.३०१.५ ॥
Lord of men, a man overpowered by attachment and aversion, following the power of possessions, is overtaken by the delusion-born attachment called tāra-rati.
12.301.6
कृतार्थ भोगिनं मत्वा सर्वो रतिपरायणः ।
लाभं प्रात्यसुखादन्यं रतितो नानुपश्यति ॥ १२.३०१.६ ॥
Thinking himself fulfilled and a enjoyer, everyone devoted to delight does not see any other gain apart from pleasure.
12.301.7
ततो लोभाभिभूतात्मा सङ्गाद्वधर्यते जनम् ।
दुष्टार्थं चैव तस्येह जनस्यार्थं चिकीर्षति ॥ १२.३०१.७ ॥
Then the one whose self is overcome by greed binds people through attachment, and here desires to obtain the wealth of others for a wicked purpose.
12.301.8
स जानत्रपि चाकार्यमर्थार्थं सेवते नरः ।
बालस्नेहपरीतात्मा तत्क्षयाच्चानुतप्यते ॥ १२.३०१.८ ॥
Though knowing what should not be done, a man pursues it for the sake of wealth; with his self surrounded by affection for children, he feels remorse at their loss.
12.301.9
ततो दानेन संपन्नो रक्षन्नात्मपराजयम् ।
करोति येन भोनी स्यामिति तस्माद्विनश्यति ॥ १२.३०१.९ ॥
Then, though endowed with giving, guarding against the defeat of his own self, he does it so that 'may I become an enjoyer'; therefore he perishes.
12.301.10
तद्यदि वुद्धियुक्तानां शाश्वतं ब्रह्मवादिनाम् ।
अभिच्छतां शुभं कर्म नराणां त्यजतां सुखम् ॥ १२.३०१.१० ॥
Therefore, if this holds for those endowed with understanding, the teachers of the eternal Brahman, men who desire auspicious action and renounce pleasure...
12.301.11
लोकायतननाशाच्च धननाशाच्च पार्थिव ।
आधिव्याधिप्रतापाच्च निर्वेदमुपगच्छति ॥ १२.३०१.११ ॥
O king, from the destruction of the support of the world, from the loss of wealth, and from the torment of mental and bodily affliction, he comes to dispassion.
12.301.12
निर्वेदादात्मसंबोधः संबोधादात्मदर्शनम् ।
शास्त्रार्थदर्शनाद्राजसंस्तप एवानुपश्यति ॥ १२.३०१.१२ ॥
From dispassion comes awakening to the self, from awakening comes vision of the self; from seeing the meaning of the scriptures, O king, he perceives austerity itself.
12.301.13
दुर्लभो हि मनुष्येन्द्र नरः प्रत्यवमर्शवान् ।
यो वै प्रियसुखे क्षीणे तपः कर्तुं व्यवस्यति ॥ १२.३०१.१३ ॥
Rare indeed, lord of men, is the man who reflects, who resolves to undertake austerity when dear pleasures have waned.
12.301.14
तपः सर्वगतं तात हीनस्यापि विधीयते ।
जितेन्द्रियस्य दान्तस्य स्वर्गमार्गप्रवर्तकम् ॥ १२.३०१.१४ ॥
Austerity, dear one, pervades everything and is prescribed even for the lowly; for one who has conquered the senses and is self-controlled, it leads onto the path to heaven.
12.301.15
प्रजापतिः प्रजाः पूर्वमसृजत्तपसा विभुः ।
क्वचित्क्वचिद्ब्रतपरो व्रतान्यास्थाय पार्थिव ॥ १२.३०१.१५ ॥
In the beginning the mighty Prajāpati created the creatures through austerity; O king, now here, now there, devoted to vows, having undertaken observances.
12.301.16
आदित्या वसवो रुद्रास्तथैवाग्न्यश्विमारुताः ।
विश्वेदेवास्तथा साध्याः पितरोऽथ मरुद्गणाः ॥ १२.३०१.१६ ॥
The Ādityas, the Vasus and the Rudras, likewise Agni, the Aśvins and the Maruts, the Viśvedevas and the Sādhyas, the ancestors, and the host of Maruts.
12.301.17
यक्षराक्षसगन्धर्वाः सिद्धाश्चान्ये दिवौकसः ।
संसिद्धास्तपसा तात ये चान्ये स्वर्गवासिनः ॥ १२.३०१.१७ ॥
Yakṣas, rākṣasas, gandharvas, the siddhas and the other dwellers of heaven, dear one, were perfected through austerity, as were the others who dwell in heaven.
12.301.18
ये चादौ ब्राह्मणाः सृष्टा ब्रह्मणा तपसा पुरा ।
ते भावयन्तः पृथिवीं विचरन्ति दिवं तथा ॥ १२.३०१.१८ ॥
The brahmins who were created at the beginning by Brahmā through austerity, sustaining the earth, move about both upon the earth and in the heavens.
12.301.19
मर्त्यलोके च राजानो ये चान्ये गृहमेधिनः ।
महाकुलेषु दृश्यन्ते तत्सर्वं तपसः फलम् ॥ १२.३०१.१९ ॥
Kings in the mortal world, and other householders seen in great families — all of that is the fruit of austerity.
12.301.20
कौशेयानि च वस्त्राणि शुभान्याभरणानि च ।
वाहनासनपानानि तत्सर्वं तपसः फलम् ॥ १२.३०१.२० ॥
Silken garments, fine ornaments, vehicles, seats and drinks — all of that is the fruit of austerity.
12.301.21
मनोनुकूलाः प्रमदा रूपवत्यः सहस्रशः ।
वासः प्रासादपृष्ठे च तत्सर्वं तपसः फलम् ॥ १२.३०१.२१ ॥
Thousands of beautiful women pleasing to the mind, and dwelling on the roof of a palace — all of that is the fruit of austerity.
12.301.22
शयनानि च मुख्यानि भोज्यानि विविधानि च ।
अभिप्रेतानि सर्वाणि भवन्ति शुभकर्मिणाम् ॥ १२.३०१.२२ ॥
Excellent beds and various foods — for those who perform good deeds, everything desired comes to be.
12.301.23
नाप्राप्यं तपसः किंचिन्त्रैलोक्येऽपि परंतप ।
उपभोगपरित्यागः फलान्यकृतकर्मणाम् ॥ १२.३०१.२३ ॥
O scorcher of foes, there is nothing in the three worlds unattainable through austerity; for those who have not performed it, the fruit is the renunciation of enjoyments.
12.301.24
सुखितो दुःखितो वाऽपि नरो लोभं परित्यजेत् ।
अवेक्ष्य मनसा शास्त्रं बुद्ध्या च नृपसत्तम ॥ १२.३०१.२४ ॥
Whether happy or unhappy, a man should abandon greed, O best of kings, having considered the scripture with mind and intellect.
12.301.25
असंतोषोऽसुखथायेति लोभादिन्द्रियविभ्रमः ।
ततोऽस्य नश्यति प्रज्ञा विद्येवाभ्यासवर्जिता ॥ १२.३०१.२५ ॥
Discontent leads to unhappiness; from greed comes the confusion of the senses. Then his understanding is destroyed, like learning deprived of practice.
12.301.26
नष्टप्रज्ञो यदा तु स्यात्तदा न्यायं न पश्यति ।
तस्मात्सुखक्षये प्राप्ते पुमानुग्रतपश्चरेत् ॥ १२.३०१.२६ ॥
When one's understanding is lost, a man no longer sees what is right. Therefore, when happiness is lost, a man should undertake fierce austerity.
12.301.27
यदिष्टं तत्सुखं प्राहुर्द्वेष्यं दुःखमिहेष्यते ।
कृताकृतस्य तपसः फलं पश्यस्व यादृशम् ॥ १२.३०१.२७ ॥
What is desired they call happiness; what is hated, suffering — yet here it is what is craved. Behold what kind of fruit comes from austerity done and undone.
12.301.28
नित्यं भद्राणि पश्यन्ति विषयांश्चोपभुञ्जते ।
प्राकाश्यं चैवं गच्छन्ति कृत्वा निष्कल्मषं तपः ॥ १२.३०१.२८ ॥
They always see what is auspicious and enjoy sense-objects; having performed stainless austerity, they thus attain radiance.
12.301.29
अप्रियाण्यवमानाश्च दुःखं बहुविधात्मकम् ।
फलार्थी सत्पथं त्यक्त्वा प्राप्नोति विषयात्मकम् ॥ १२.३०१.२९ ॥
Unpleasant things, humiliations, and sufferings of many kinds: the one who seeks fruit abandons the good path and obtains a fruit bound to the senses.
12.301.30
धर्मे तपसि दाने च विचिकित्साऽस्य जायते ।
स कृत्वा पापकान्येव निरयं प्रतिपद्यते ॥ १२.३०१.३० ॥
Doubt arises in him about dharma, austerity and giving; having committed evil deeds, he indeed goes to hell.
12.301.31
सुखे तु वर्तमानो वै दुःखे वाऽपि नरोत्तम् ।
सुवृत्ताद्यो न चलते शास्त्रचक्षुः स मानवः ॥ १२.३०१.३१ ॥
Best of men, the person who, whether in happiness or in sorrow, is foremost in good conduct and has scripture as his eye, does not waver.
12.301.32
इषुप्रपातमात्रं हि स्पर्शयोगे रतिः स्मृता ।
रसने दर्शने घ्राणे श्रवणे च विशांपते ॥ १२.३०१.३२ ॥
Lord of men, delight in contact of touch is remembered as lasting only the distance of an arrow's flight; so too in taste, sight, smell and hearing.
12.301.33
ततोऽस्य जायते तीव्रा वेदना तत्क्षयात्पुनः ।
बुधा ये न प्रशंसन्ति मोक्षं सुखमनुत्तमम् ॥ १२.३०१.३३ ॥
Then in him arises intense pain, and when that is destroyed it arises again. The wise do not praise liberation as the supreme happiness.
12.301.34
ततः फलार्थं सर्वस्य भवन्ति ज्यायसे गुणाः ।
धर्मवृद्ध्या च सततं कामार्थाभ्यां न हीयते ॥ १२.३०१.३४ ॥
Therefore these qualities are for the sake of fruit for all, for the more excellent one; by the growth of dharma, and constantly by desire and wealth, he is not diminished.
12.301.35
अप्रयत्नागताः सेव्या गृहस्थैर्विषयाः सदा ।
प्रयत्नेनोपगम्यश्च स्वधर्म इति मे मतिः ॥ १२.३०१.३५ ॥
Householders should always enjoy the objects of the senses that come without effort, and should approach those attainable with effort; this is my view, this is one's own dharma.
12.301.36
मानिनां कुलजातानां नित्यं शास्त्रार्थचक्षुषाम् ।
क्रियाधर्मविमुक्तानामशक्त्या संवृतात्मनाम् ॥ १२.३०१.३६ ॥
For those who are proud, born of noble families, whose eyes are always the meaning of scripture, freed from the duties of ritual action, and whose selves are restrained through inability—…
12.301.37
क्रियमाणं यदा कर्म नाशं गच्छति मानुषम् ।
तेषां नान्यदृते लोके तपसः कर्म विद्यते ॥ १२.३०१.३७ ॥
When the action being performed by a man comes to ruin, in the world there is for them no other action than austerity.
12.301.38
सर्वात्मनाऽनुकुर्वीत गृहस्थः कर्मनिश्चयम् ।
दाक्ष्येण हव्यकव्यार्थं स्वधर्मे विचरन्नृप ॥ १२.३०१.३८ ॥
O king, a householder should follow the firm resolve of action with his whole self, skillfully moving in his own duty for the sake of the oblations to gods and ancestors.
12.301.39
यथा नदीनदाः सर्वे सागरे यान्ति संस्थितिम् ।
एवमाश्रमिणः सर्वे गृहस्थे यान्ति संस्थितिम् ॥ १२.३०१.३९ ॥
As all rivers and streams come to rest in the ocean, so all those in the stages of life come to rest in the householder.