Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 12.312
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12.312.1
साङ्ख्यदर्शनमेतावदुक्तं ते नृपसत्तम् ।
विद्याविद्ये त्विदानीं मे त्वं निबोधानुपूर्वशः ॥ १२.३१२.१ ॥
O best of kings, this much of the Sāṅkhya doctrine has been told to you. Now learn from me, in due order, what is knowledge and what is ignorance.
12.312.2
अविद्यामाहुरव्यक्तं सर्गप्रलयधर्मिणीम् ।
सर्गप्रलयनिर्मुक्तो विद्यो वै पञ्चविंशकः ॥ १२.३१२.२ ॥
They call ignorance the unmanifest, which is subject to creation and dissolution. The twenty-fifth principle, free from creation and dissolution, is indeed knowledge.
12.312.3
एकत्वं च बहुत्वं च प्रकृतेरनु तत्त्ववित् ।
परस्परं तु विद्यां वै त्वं निबोधानुपूर्वशः।
यथोक्तमृषिभिस्तात साङ्ख्यस्यास्य निदर्शनम् ॥ १२.३१२.३ ॥
Dear one, according to this exposition of Sāṅkhya as stated by the sages, learn in due order the oneness and manyness of Prakṛti, and the knowledge of their mutual relation.
12.312.4
कर्मेन्द्रियाणां सर्वेषां विद्या बुद्धीन्द्रियं स्मृतम् ।
बुद्धीन्द्रियाणां च तथा विशेषा इति नः श्रुतम् ॥ १२.३१२.४ ॥
The knowledge of all the organs of action is held to be the organ of perception. Likewise, we have heard that the distinctions of the organs of perception are such.
12.312.5
विशेषाणां मनस्तेषां विद्यामाहुर्मनीषिणः ।
मनसः पञ्चभूतानि विद्या इत्यभिचक्षते ॥ १२.३१२.५ ॥
The wise call the mind the knowledge of the particulars; and they declare that the knowledge of the mind is the five great elements.
12.312.6
अहंकारस्तु भूतानां पञ्चानां नात्र संशयः ।
अहंकारस्य च तथा बुद्धिर्विद्या नरेश्वर ॥ १२.३१२.६ ॥
Without doubt, the knowledge of the five elements is self-consciousness; and likewise, O lord of men, the knowledge of self-consciousness is the intellect.
12.312.7
बुद्धेः प्रकृतिरव्यक्तं तत्त्वानां परमेश्वरम् ।
विद्या ज्ञेया नरश्रेष्ठ विधिश्च परमः स्मृतः ॥ १२.३१२.७ ॥
The nature of the intellect is the unmanifest; among the principles the Supreme Lord. O best of men, knowledge is to be known, and rule is declared to be supreme.
12.312.8
अव्यक्तस्य परं प्राहुर्विद्यां वै पञ्चविंशकम् ।
सर्वस्य सर्वमित्युक्तं ज्ञेयं ज्ञानस्य पार्थिव ॥ १२.३१२.८ ॥
Beyond the unmanifest, they call knowledge the twenty-fifth. It is said that for all, all is to be known; O king, it is to be known by knowledge.
12.312.9
ज्ञानमव्यक्तमित्युक्तं ज्ञेयो वै पञ्चविंशकः ।
तथैव ज्ञानमव्यक्तं विज्ञाता पञ्चविंशक ॥ १२.३१२.९ ॥
Knowledge is said to be the unmanifest, and the knowable is the twenty-fifth. Likewise knowledge is the unmanifest; the twenty-fifth is the knower.
12.312.10
विद्याविद्यार्थितत्त्वेन मयोक्ता ते विशेषतः ।
अक्षरं च क्षरं चैव यदुक्तं तन्निबोध मे ॥ १२.३१२.१० ॥
By the true meaning of knowledge and ignorance I have explained to you in particular. What was said as the imperishable and the perishable, understand it from me.
12.312.11
उभावेतौ क्षरावुक्तावुभावेतौ क्षराक्षरौ ।
कारणं तु प्रवक्ष्यामि यथाख्यातो न जानतः ॥ १२.३१२.११ ॥
Both of these are declared to be perishable; both of these are the perishable and the imperishable. But I shall declare the cause, as it has been told, not for one who does not know.
12.312.12
अनादिनिधनावेतावुभावेवेश्वरौ मतौ ।
तत्त्वसंज्ञावुभावेतौ प्रोच्यते ज्ञानचिन्तकैः ॥ १२.३१२.१२ ॥
These two, without beginning or end, are both held to be lords. Both are called by the name of principles by those who reflect on knowledge.
12.312.13
सर्गप्रलयधर्मत्वादव्यक्तं प्राहुरक्षरम् ।
तदेतद्गुणसर्गाय विकुर्वाणं पुनःपुनः ॥ १२.३१२.१३ ॥
Because it has the nature of creation and dissolution, they call the unmanifest the imperishable. For the emission of the guṇas, this very thing transforms again and again.
12.312.14
गुणानां महदादीनामुत्पद्यन्ते परम्पराः ।
अधिष्ठानं क्षेत्रमाहुरेतत्तत्पञ्चविंशकम् ॥ १२.३१२.१४ ॥
From the guṇas and from mahat and the rest, successions arise. This they call the field, the basis, and it is the twenty-fifth.
12.312.15
यदा तु गुणजालं तदव्यक्तात्मनि संक्षिपेत् ।
तदा सह गुणैस्तैस्तु पञ्चविंशो विलीयते ॥ १२.३१२.१५ ॥
When the web of guṇas withdraws into that unmanifest self, then the twenty-fifth dissolves together with those guṇas.
12.312.16
गुणा गुणेषु लीयन्ते तदैका प्रकृतिर्भवेत् ।
क्षेत्रज्ञोऽपि यदा तात तत्क्षेत्रे संप्रलीयते ॥ १२.३१२.१६ ॥
The guṇas dissolve into the guṇas, and then there is one prakṛti alone. And, dear one, when the knower of the field too is wholly dissolved into that field.
12.312.17
तदाऽक्षरत्वं प्रकृतिर्गच्छते गुणसंज्ञिता ।
निर्गुणत्वं च वैदेह गुणेष्वप्रतिवर्तनात् ॥ १२.३१२.१७ ॥
Then prakṛti, named by the guṇas, attains imperishability; and, O Vaidehi, because it does not turn back to the guṇas, it attains the absence of guṇas.
12.312.18
एवमेव च क्षेत्रज्ञः क्षेत्रज्ञानपरिक्षयात् ।
प्रकृत्या निर्गुणस्त्वेष इत्येवमनुशुश्रुम ॥ १२.३१२.१८ ॥
In just this way, the knower of the field too, through the exhaustion of the knowledge of the field, is by nature without guṇas. Thus have we heard.
12.312.19
क्षरो भवत्येष यदा तदा गुणवती मिथः ।
प्रकृतिं त्विभजानाति निर्गुणत्वं तथाऽऽत्मनः ॥ १२.३१२.१९ ॥
When this self becomes perishable, it recognizes, one in relation to the other, the nature endowed with qualities, and likewise its own quality-lessness.
12.312.20
तदा विशुद्धो भवति प्रकृतेः परिवर्जनात् ।
अन्योऽहमन्येयमिति यदा बुध्यति बुद्धिमान् ॥ १२.३१२.२० ॥
Then, by abandoning nature, he becomes pure, when the wise one understands: 'I am other, and this is other.'
12.312.21
तदैषा त्वन्यतामेति न च मिश्रत्वतां व्रजेत् ।
प्रकृत्या चैव राजेन्द्र मिश्रोऽनन्यश्च दृश्यते ॥ १२.३१२.२१ ॥
Then this (nature) attains otherness and does not come to mixture. O lord of kings, by nature the mixed and the non-other is seen.
12.312.22
यदा तु गुणजालं तत्प्राकृतं विजुगुप्सते ।
पश्यते चापरं पश्यं तदा पश्यन्न संस्वजेत् ॥ १२.३१२.२२ ॥
When he holds in disgust that net of qualities which is natural, and sees the other, then the seer, seeing, should not cling.
12.312.23
किमहं कृतवानेवं योहं कालमिमं जनम् ।
यदा मत्स्योदकं ज्ञानमनुवर्तितवांस्तदा।
मत्स्यो जालं ह्यविज्ञानादनुवर्तितवानिह ॥ १२.३१२.२३ ॥
Why did I do thus, I who, when I followed the knowledge of fish and water, followed this man and this time? The fish, through ignorance, here follows the net.
12.312.24
अहमेव हि संमोहादन्यमन्यं जनाज्जनम् ।
मत्स्यो यथोदकज्ञानादनुवर्तितवानहम् ॥ १२.३१२.२४ ॥
It was I, through delusion, who went from one man to another man, just as the fish, from its knowledge of water, followed the net.
12.312.25
मत्स्योऽन्यत्वं यथा ज्ञानादुदकान्नाभिमन्यते ।
आत्मानं तद्वदज्ञानादन्यत्वं चैव वेदयहम् ॥ १२.३१२.२५ ॥
As a fish, through knowledge, does not regard itself as separate from the water, so through ignorance I regard the self as separate; and this I make known.
12.312.26
ममास्तु धिगबुद्धस्य योऽहमज्ञ इमं पुनः ।
अनुवर्तितवान्मोहादन्यमन्यं जनाज्जनम् ॥ १२.३१२.२६ ॥
Shame upon me, the unwise! I, the ignorant, through delusion again followed this, wandering from one person to another.
12.312.27
अयमत्र भेवद्बन्धुरनेन सह मे क्षमम् ।
साम्यमेकत्वतां यास्ये यादृशस्तादृशस्त्वहम् ॥ १२.३१२.२७ ॥
Here may this be my kinsman; with him there is fitness for me. I shall attain sameness and oneness, being such as he is, and I am indeed such.
12.312.28
तुल्यतामिह पश्यामि सदृशोऽहमनेन वै ।
अयं हि विमलोऽव्यक्तमहमीदृशकस्तथा ॥ १२.३१२.२८ ॥
Here I see sameness; I am like him. He is stainless and unmanifest, and so likewise am I.
12.312.29
योऽहमज्ञानसंमोहादज्ञया संप्रवृत्तवान् ।
ससङ्गयाऽहं निःसङ्गः स्थितः कालमिमं त्वहम् ॥ १२.३१२.२९ ॥
I, who was wholly engaged through the delusion of ignorance and by ignorance, with attachment, though unattached, remained in this state for so long a time.
12.312.30
अनयाऽहं वशीभूतः कालमेतं न बुद्धवान् ।
उच्चमध्यमनीचानां तामहं कथमावसे ॥ १२.३१२.३० ॥
Brought under its control, I did not know this time. How should I dwell in that state among the high, the middle and the low?
12.312.31
समानया न याचेह सहवासमहं कथम् ।
गच्छाम्यबुद्धभावत्वादेषेदानीं स्थिरो भवे ॥ १२.३१२.३१ ॥
How could I ask here for living together with her as an equal? Because of the state of ignorance I now go away; now let me become steady.
12.312.32
सहवासं न यास्यामि कालमेतद्धि वञ्चनात् ।
वञ्चितोस्म्यनया यद्धि निर्विकारो विकारया ॥ १२.३१२.३२ ॥
I will not go to living together at this time, for this is deception. I have been deceived by her — I who was unchanging, by her who causes change.
12.312.33
न चायमपराधोऽस्या ह्यपराधो ह्ययं मम ।
योऽहमत्राभवं सक्तः पराङ्भुखमुपस्थितः ॥ १२.३१२.३३ ॥
This is not her fault; this fault is mine, for I became attached here, and though turned away, I drew near.
12.312.34
ततोस्मि बहुरूपासु स्थितो मूर्तिष्वमूर्तिमान् ।
अमूर्तश्चापि मूर्तात्मा ममत्वेन प्रधर्षितः ॥ १२.३१२.३४ ॥
Thereafter I abide in many forms, formless though I am among embodied things. Though formless, I became one with an embodied self, overpowered by the sense of 'mine'.
12.312.35
प्रकृतेरनयत्वेन तासु तास्विह योनिषु ।
निर्ममस्य ममत्वेन किं कृतं तासु तासु च ॥ १२.३१२.३५ ॥
Because I was led by nature (prakṛti), what was done to me in those various wombs here, though I was free of 'mine', through the sense of 'mine' in those and those?
12.312.36
योनीषु वर्तमानेन नष्टसंज्ञेन चेतसा ।
न ममात्रानया कार्यमहंकारकृतात्मना ॥ १२.३१२.३६ ॥
For me, existing in wombs, my mind lost to awareness and my self made by egoism, there is no task here with her.
12.312.37
आत्मानं बहुधा कृत्वा येयं भूयो युनक्ति माम् ।
इदानीमेष बुद्धोस्मि निर्ममो निरहंकृतः ॥ १२.३१२.३७ ॥
Having made itself many-fold, this one binds me again. Now I am awakened, free from mine-ness and free from egoism.
12.312.38
ममत्वमनया नित्यमहंकारकृतात्मकम् ।
अपेत्याहमिमां हित्वा संश्रयिष्ये निरामयम् ॥ १२.३१२.३८ ॥
I have always held mine-ness toward this one, which is a self made of egoism. Departing from her and abandoning her, I shall take refuge in the untroubled.
12.312.39
अनेन साम्यं यास्यामि नानयाऽहमचेतसा ।
क्षणं मम सहानेन नैकत्वमनया सह ॥ १२.३१२.३९ ॥
I shall attain likeness with this one (the spirit), not with this unconscious one (nature). For even a moment I have no companionship with her, nor oneness with her.
12.312.40
एवं परमसंबोधात्पञ्चविंशोऽनुबुद्धवान् ।
अक्षरत्वं नियच्छेत त्यक्त्वा क्षरमनामयम् ॥ १२.३१२.४० ॥
Thus through supreme awakening the twenty-fifth (principle, the Puruṣa) has come to understand. Having abandoned the perishable, it should attain the imperishable state, free from disease.
12.312.41
अव्यक्तं व्यक्तकर्माणं सगुणं निर्गुणं तथा ।
निर्गुणं परमं दृष्ट्वा तादृग्भवति मैथिल ॥ १२.३१२.४१ ॥
Having seen the supreme unqualified (nirguṇa), which is unmanifest, which is the doer of manifest works, which has qualities and is without qualities, one becomes just like that, O Maithila.
12.312.42
अक्षरक्षरयोरेतदुक्तं तत्वनिदर्शनम् ।
मयेह ज्ञानसंपन्नं यथाश्रूतिनिदर्शनात् ॥ १२.३१२.४२ ॥
This demonstration of the principle concerning the imperishable and the perishable I have set forth here, endowed with knowledge, as demonstrated according to what has been heard in the Vedic revelation.
12.312.43
निःसंदिग्धं च सूक्ष्मं च विबुद्धं विमलं यथा ।
प्रवक्ष्यामि तुते भूयस्तन्निबोध यथाश्रुतम् ॥ १२.३१२.४३ ॥
I shall declare to you again that which is free from doubt, subtle, well understood and pure; understand it just as it has been heard.
12.312.44
साङ्ख्ययोगौ मया प्रोक्तौ शास्त्रद्वयनिदर्शनात् ।
यदेव शास्त्रं साङ्ख्योक्तं योगदर्शनमेव तत् ॥ १२.३१२.४४ ॥
I have taught Sāṅkhya and Yoga through the exposition of the two treatises; the treatise declared in Sāṅkhya is indeed the doctrine of Yoga.
12.312.45
प्रबोधनकरं ज्ञानं साङ्ख्यानामवनीपते ।
विस्पष्टं प्रोच्यते तत्र शिष्याणां हितकाम्यया ॥ १२.३१२.४५ ॥
O lord of the earth, the knowledge of the Sāṅkhyas that awakens is there declared most clearly, out of desire for the welfare of the disciples.
12.312.46
पृथक्चैवमिदं शास्त्रमित्याहुः कुशला जनाः ।
अस्मिंश्च शास्त्रे योगानां पुनर्दधि पुनः शरः ॥ १२.३१२.४६ ॥
Skilled people call this treatise separate; and in this treatise there is teaching on the yogas, again curds, again an arrow.
12.312.47
पञ्चविंशात्परं तत्त्वं न पश्यति नराधिप ।
साङ्ख्यानां तु परं तत्त्वं यथावदनुवर्णितम् ॥ १२.३१२.४७ ॥
O lord of men, one does not see a higher principle beyond the twenty-five; the supreme principle of the Sāṅkhyas has been described just as it is.
12.312.48
बुद्धमप्रतिबुद्धं च बुध्यमानं च तत्त्वतः ।
बुध्यमानं च बुद्धं च प्राहुर्योगनिदर्शनम् ॥ १२.३१२.४८ ॥
The awakened, the unawakened, that which is truly awakening, and that which, awakening, is awakened — these they call the exposition of yoga.