Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 12.35
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12.35.1
किं भक्ष्यं चाप्यभक्ष्यं च किंच देयं प्रशस्यते ।
किंच पात्रमपात्रं वा तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥ १२.३५.१ ॥
What may be eaten and what may not, what gift is praised, and what is a worthy or unworthy recipient — tell me this, grandsire.
12.35.2
अत्राप्युदाहरन्तीममितिहासं पुरातनम् ।
सिद्धानां चैव संवादं मनोश्चैव प्रजापतेः ॥ १२.३५.२ ॥
Here too they recount this ancient story: the dialogue of the perfected ones, and the dialogue of Manu and Prajāpati.
12.35.3
ऋषयस्तु व्रतपराः समागम्य पुरा विभुम् ।
धर्मं पप्रच्छुरासीनमादिकाले प्रजापतिम् ॥ १२.३५.३ ॥
The sages, devoted to vows, gathered long ago and asked dharma of the all-pervading lord of creatures, seated at the beginning of time.
12.35.4
कथमन्त्रं कथं दानं गम्यागम्याः कथं स्त्रियः ।
कार्याकार्यं च यत्सर्वं शंस वै त्वं प्रजापते ॥ १२.३५.४ ॥
How should food be, how should a gift be, whom may one approach and whom not, what is to be done and what is not — all this, O lord of creatures, you yourself tell.
12.35.5
तैरेवमुक्तो भगवान्मनुः स्वायंभुवोऽब्रवीत् ।
शुश्रूषध्वं यथावृत्तं धर्मं व्याससमासतः ॥ १२.३५.५ ॥
Thus addressed by them, the blessed Manu Svāyambhuva spoke: 'Listen as it was, the dharma as Vyāsa tells it in brief.'
12.35.6
अनादेशे जपो होम उपवासस्तथैव च ।
आत्मज्ञानं पुण्यनद्यो यत्र प्रायश्च तत्पराः ॥ १२.३५.६ ॥
Without command, recitation, fire-offering and fasting, likewise knowledge of the self and the sacred rivers — where people are mostly intent on these.
12.35.7
अनादिष्टं तथैतानि पुण्यानि धरणीभृतः ।
सुवर्णप्राशनमपि रत्नादिस्नानमेव च ॥ १२.३५.७ ॥
These too, though not prescribed, are meritorious for kings: the eating of gold, and bathing in jewels and the like.
12.35.8
देवस्थानाभिगमनमाज्यप्राशनमेव च ।
एतानि मेध्यं पुरुषं कुर्वन्त्याशु न संशयः ॥ १२.३५.८ ॥
Visiting the temples of the gods and drinking clarified butter also quickly make a person pure; there is no doubt.
12.35.9
न गर्वेण भवेत्प्राज्ञः कदाचिदपि मानवः ।
दीर्घमायुरथेच्छन्हि त्रिरात्रं चोष्णपो भवेत् ॥ १२.३५.९ ॥
A wise man should never become proud. One who desires long life should, for three nights, live drinking only hot water.
12.35.10
अदत्तस्यानुपादानं दानमध्ययनं तपः ।
अहिंसा सत्यमक्रोधं क्षमा धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥ १२.३५.१० ॥
Not taking what is not given, giving, study, austerity, non-violence, truthfulness, freedom from anger and forgiveness — these are the marks of dharma.
12.35.11
स एव धर्मः सोऽधर्मो देशकाले प्रतिष्ठितः ।
आदानमनृतं हिंसा धर्मो ह्यात्यन्तिकः स्मृतः ॥ १२.३५.११ ॥
That same thing is dharma, and that same thing is adharma, established according to place and time. Taking, falsehood and violence are remembered as absolute dharma.
12.35.12
द्विविधौ चाप्युभावेतौ धर्माधर्मौ विजानताम् ।
अप्रवृत्तिः प्रवृत्तिश्च द्वैविध्यं लोकवेदयोः ॥ १२.३५.१२ ॥
For those who know, dharma and adharma are both twofold: abstention and engagement. This duality belongs to both the world and the Veda.
12.35.13
अप्रवृत्तेरमर्त्यत्वं मर्त्यत्वं कर्मणः फलम् ।
अशुभस्याशुभं विद्याच्छुभस्य शुभमेव च।
एतयोश्चोभयोः स्यातां शुभाशुभतया तथा ॥ १२.३५.१३ ॥
From non-action comes immortality, and the fruit of action is mortality. One should know that the inauspicious yields only the inauspicious, and the auspicious only the auspicious; by the nature of good and evil, so it is with both.
12.35.14
दैवं च दैवसंयुक्तं प्राणश्च प्रलयस्तथा ।
अप्रेक्षापूर्वकरणादशुभानां शुभं फलम् ॥ १२.३५.१४ ॥
Fate, life-breath joined with fate, and likewise dissolution; by acting without prior consideration, even inauspicious deeds yield an auspicious fruit.
12.35.15
ऊर्ध्वं भवति संदेहादिहादिष्टार्थमेव च ।
अप्रेक्षापूर्वकरणात्प्रायश्चित्तं विधीयते ॥ १२.३५.१५ ॥
From doubt, what is prescribed here arises afterwards as well; by acting without prior consideration, expiation is enjoined.
12.35.16
क्रोधमोहकृते चैव दृष्टान्तागमहेतुभिः ।
शरीराणामुपक्लेशो मनसश्च प्रियाप्रिये।
तदौषधैश्च मन्त्रैश्च प्रायश्चित्तैश्च शाम्यति ॥ १२.३५.१६ ॥
Arising from anger and delusion, and through causes shown by example and scripture, there comes affliction of the bodies and distress of the mind over the pleasant and unpleasant; this is calmed by medicines, mantras and expiatory rites.
12.35.17
उपवासेनैकरात्रं दण्डोत्सर्गे नराधिपः ।
विशुद्ध्येदात्मशुद्ध्यर्थं त्रिरात्रं तु पुरोहितः ॥ १२.३५.१७ ॥
A king is purified by fasting for one night when he relinquishes punishment; for the sake of self-purification, but the household priest in three nights.
12.35.18
क्षयं शोकं प्रकुर्वाणो न म्रियेत यदा नरः ।
शस्त्रादिभिरुपाविष्टस्त्रिरात्रं तत्र निर्दिशेत् ॥ १२.३५.१८ ॥
When a man, causing loss and grieving, does not die though afflicted by weapons and the like, then a three-night observance should be prescribed there.
12.35.19
जातिश्रेण्यधिवासानां कुलधर्मांश्च शाश्वतान् ।
वर्जयन्ति च ये धर्मं तेषां धर्मो न विद्यते ॥ १२.३५.१९ ॥
For those who abandon the eternal family duties of those dwelling in castes and guilds, and who abandon dharma, there is no dharma.
12.35.20
दश वा वेदशास्त्रज्ञास्त्रयो वा धर्मपाठकाः ।
यद्ब्रूयुः कार्य उत्पन्ने स धर्मो धर्मसंशये ॥ १२.३५.२० ॥
Whether ten knowers of the Vedas and scriptures or three readers of dharma, when a matter arises, what they say is dharma in a doubt about dharma.
12.35.21
अनुष्णा मृत्तिका चैव तथा क्षुद्रपिपीलिकाः ।
श्लेष्मातकस्तथा विप्रैरभक्ष्यं विषमेव च ॥ १२.३५.२१ ॥
Unheated clay, tiny ants, likewise the śleṣmātaka tree, and poison too are not to be eaten by brahmins.
12.35.22
अभक्ष्या ब्राह्मणैर्मत्स्याः शकलैर्ये विवर्जिताः ।
चतुष्पात्कच्छपादन्यो मण्डूका जलजाश्च ये ॥ १२.३५.२२ ॥
Fish that lack scales are not to be eaten by brahmins; other than the four-footed turtle, frogs, and the water-born creatures are likewise excluded.
12.35.23
भासा हंसाः सुपर्णाश्च चक्रवाकाः प्लवा बकाः ।
काको मद्रुश्च गृध्रश्च श्येनोलूकस्तथैव च ॥ १२.३५.२३ ॥
The bhāsa, swans, suparṇa birds, cakravāka ducks, plava waterfowl and herons; the crow, the madru, the vulture, the hawk and the owl likewise.
12.35.24
क्रव्यादा दंष्ट्रिणः सर्वे चतुष्पात्पक्षिणश्च ये ।
येषां चोभयतो दन्ताश्चतुर्दंष्ट्राश्च सर्वशः ॥ १२.३५.२४ ॥
All flesh-eaters and fanged animals, four-footed birds, those with teeth on both sides, and those with four fangs entirely.
12.35.25
एडकाश्च मृगोष्ट्राणां सूकराणां गवामपि ।
मानुषीणां खरीणां च न पिबेद्ब्राह्मणः पयः ॥ १२.३५.२५ ॥
A brahmin should not drink the milk of ewes, deer, camels, pigs, cows, human females, or she-asses.
12.35.26
प्रेतान्नं सूतकान्नं च यच्च किंचिदनिर्दशम् ।
अभोज्यं चाप्यपेयं च धेनोर्दुग्धमनिर्दशम् ॥ १२.३५.२६ ॥
Food of the dead, food of the impure, and anything within ten days is not to be eaten or drunk; a cow's milk within ten days is not to be drunk.
12.35.27
राजान्नं तेज आदत्ते शूद्रान्नं ब्रह्मवर्चसम् ।
आयुः सुवर्णकारान्नमवीरायाश्च योषितः ॥ १२.३५.२७ ॥
The food of a king takes away radiance; the food of a shudra, brahminical splendour; the food of a goldsmith takes away life; and the food of a woman without heroic sons.
12.35.28
विष्ठा वार्धुषिकस्यान्नं गणिकान्नमथेन्द्रियम् ।
मृष्यन्ति ये चोपपतिं स्त्रीजितान्नं च सर्वशः ॥ १२.३५.२८ ॥
The food of a usurer is excrement; the food of a courtesan destroys the senses; likewise the food of those who tolerate a paramour, and of one entirely ruled by a woman.
12.35.29
दीक्षितस्य कदर्यस्य क्रतुविक्रयिकस्य च ।
तक्ष्णश्चर्मावकर्तुश्च पुंश्चल्या रजकस्य च ॥ १२.३५.२९ ॥
The food of one consecrated for sacrifice, of a miser, of one who sells sacrifices, of a carpenter, of a tanner, of a harlot, and of a washerman.
12.35.30
चिकित्सकस्य यच्चान्नमभोज्यं रक्षिणस्तथा ।
गणग्रामाभिशस्तानां रङ्गस्त्रीजीविनां तथा ॥ १२.३५.३० ॥
The food of a physician and of a guard is not to be eaten; likewise the food of those accused by a community or village, and of actors who live by playing women's parts on stage.
12.35.31
परिवित्तीनामपुंसां च बन्दिद्यूतविदां तथा ।
वामहस्ताहृतं चान्नं शुष्कं पर्युषितं च यत् ॥ १२.३५.३१ ॥
The food of those who marry before their elder brother, of the unmanly, of captives and gamblers, food brought with the left hand, and whatever is dry or stale.
12.35.32
सुरानुगतमुच्छिष्टमभोज्यं शेषितं च यत् ।
पिष्टमांसेक्षुशाकानामाविकाजापयस्तथा।
सक्तु धाना करम्भाश्च नोपभोग्याश्चिरस्थिताः ॥ १२.३५.३२ ॥
Food that comes with liquor, leftovers, what is unfit to eat, and what remains; ground meat, sugarcane and vegetables, the milk of sheep and goats, barley meal, parched grains and grains with curds, if kept long, are not fit to be enjoyed.
12.35.33
पायसं कृसरं मांसमपूपाश्च वृथा कृताः ।
अपेयाश्चाप्यभक्ष्याश्च ब्राह्मणैर्गृहमेधिभिः ॥ १२.३५.३३ ॥
Milk-rice pudding, rice porridge, meat and cakes, made in vain; for brahmins who are householders these are not to be drunk and not to be eaten.
12.35.34
देवानृषीन्मनुष्यांश्च पितॄन्गृह्याश्च देवताः ।
पूजयित्वा ततः पश्चाद्गृहस्थो भोक्तुमर्हति ॥ १२.३५.३४ ॥
Having first honoured the gods, the seers, humans, the ancestors and the household deities, the householder is then fit to eat.
12.35.35
यथा प्रव्रजितो भिक्षुस्तथैव स्वे गृहे वसेत् ।
एवंवृत्तः प्रियैर्दारैः संबसन्धर्ममाप्नुयात् ॥ १२.३५.३५ ॥
Just as a renounced mendicant lives, so too should the householder dwell in his own house; conducting himself thus and living with his beloved wives, he attains dharma.
12.35.36
न दद्याद्यशसे दानं न भयान्नोपकारिणे ।
न नृत्यगीतशीलेषु हासकेषु च धार्मिकः ॥ १२.३५.३६ ॥
The righteous man should not give a gift for fame, nor out of fear, nor to one who has helped him; nor should he give to those given to dance and song, or to jesters.
12.35.37
न मत्ते चैव नोन्मत्ते न स्तेने न च कुत्सके ।
न वाग्घीने विवर्णे वा नाङ्गहीने न वामने ॥ १२.३५.३७ ॥
One should not give to one who is intoxicated, nor to a madman, a thief, or a reviler. Nor should one give to one who lacks speech, is of blemished complexion, lacks a limb, or is a dwarf.
12.35.38
न दुर्जने दौष्कुले वा व्रतैर्यो वा न संस्कृतः ।
न श्रोत्रियमृते दानं ब्राह्मणे ब्रह्मवर्जिते ॥ १२.३५.३८ ॥
One should not give to a wicked person, to one of a bad family, or to one not refined by vows. Except to a learned scholar of the Veda, one should not give a gift to a brahmin devoid of the Veda.
12.35.39
असम्यच्कैव यद्दत्तमसम्यक् च प्रतिग्रहः ।
उभयं स्यादनर्थाय दातुरादातुरेव च ॥ १२.३५.३९ ॥
Giving improperly and receiving improperly both lead to ruin, for the giver and for the receiver alike.
12.35.40
यथा खदिरमालम्ब्य शिलां वाप्यर्णवं तरन् ।
मञ्जेत मञ्जतस्तद्वद्दाता यश्च प्रतिग्रही ॥ १२.३५.४० ॥
Just as one who grasps a khadira log or a stone to cross the ocean sinks, so too do the giver and the receiver sink.
12.35.41
काष्ठैरार्द्रैर्यथा वह्निरुपस्तीर्णो न दीप्यते ।
तपःस्वाध्यायचारित्रैरेवं हीनः प्रतिग्रही ॥ १२.३५.४१ ॥
As fire covered with damp logs does not blaze, so the receiver who lacks austerity, study of the Veda, and good conduct does not shine.
12.35.42
कपाले यद्वदापः स्युः श्वदृतौ च यथा पयः ।
आश्रयस्थानदोषेण वृत्तहीने तथा श्रुतम् ॥ १२.३५.४२ ॥
As water kept in a skull and milk kept in a dog-skin bag become spoiled through the fault of the container, so learning in one lacking conduct is spoiled by the fault of its vessel.
12.35.43
निर्मन्त्रो निर्वृतो यः स्यादशास्त्रज्ञोऽनसूयकः ।
अनुक्रोशात्प्रदातव्यं हीनेष्वव्रतिकेषु च ॥ १२.३५.४३ ॥
To one who is without mantras, without rites, ignorant of the sciences and free of envy, gifts should be given out of compassion, and to the destitute and those without vows.
12.35.44
न वै देयमनुक्रोशाद्दीनायापगुणाय तु ।
आप्ताचरित इत्येव धर्म इत्येव वा पुनः ॥ १२.३५.४४ ॥
Gifts should not be given out of compassion to the wretched or to one lacking virtue, nor on the thought that 'this is the conduct of the trustworthy' or 'this is dharma'.
12.35.45
निष्कारणं स्मृतं दत्तं ब्राह्मणे ब्रह्मवर्जिते ।
न फलेत्पात्रदोषेण न चात्रास्ति विचारणा ॥ १२.३५.४५ ॥
A gift given to a brahmin devoid of the Veda is recorded as unprofitable; through the fault of the recipient it bears no fruit, and there is no doubt about this.
12.35.46
यथा दारुमयो हस्ती यथा चर्ममयो मृगः ।
ब्राह्मणश्चानधीयानस्त्रयस्ते नामधारकाः ॥ १२.३५.४६ ॥
Like a wooden elephant and a leather deer, a brahmin who does not study the Veda — these three are mere bearers of a name.
12.35.47
यथा षण्ढोऽफलः स्त्रीषु यथा गौर्गवि चाफला ।
शकुनिर्वाप्यपक्षः स्यान्निर्मन्त्रो ब्राह्मणस्तथा ॥ १२.३५.४७ ॥
As a eunuch is fruitless among women, a barren cow among cows, or a wingless bird among birds, so is a brahmin without mantras.
12.35.48
ग्रामस्थानं यथा शून्यं यथा कूपश्च निर्जलः ।
यथा हुतमनग्नौ च तथैव स्यान्निराकृतौ ॥ १२.३५.४८ ॥
As a village site is empty, a well is waterless, or an offering made without fire, so is the gift rendered void.
12.35.49
देवतानां पितॄणां च हव्यकव्यविनाशकः ।
सर्वथाऽर्थहरो मूर्खो न लोकान्प्राप्तुमर्हति ॥ १२.३५.४९ ॥
The fool who destroys the offerings to the gods and ancestors, and who in every way takes away wealth, does not deserve to attain the worlds.
12.35.50
एतत्ते कथितं सर्वं यथावृत्तं युधिष्ठिर ।
समासेन महद्ध्येतच्छ्रोतव्यं नरतर्षभ ॥ १२.३५.५० ॥
Yudhiṣṭhira, all of this has been told to you as it happened, in brief. Bull among men, this great matter is to be heard.