Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 13.104
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13.104.1
भूय एव कुरुश्रेष्ठ दानानां विधिमुत्तमम् ।
कथयस्व महाप्राज्ञ भूमिदानं विशेषतः ॥ १३.१०४.१ ॥
Best of the Kurus, tell again the supreme rule of gifts, O greatly wise one, especially the gift of land.
13.104.2
पृथिवीं क्षत्रियो दद्याद्ब्राह्मणायेष्टिकर्मिणे ।
विधिवत्प्रतिगृह्णीयान्न त्वन्यो दातुमर्हति ॥ १३.१०४.२ ॥
A kṣatriya should give the earth to a brahmin who performs sacrifices, and he should receive it according to rule; no one else is fit to give it.
13.104.3
सर्ववर्णैस्तु यच्छक्यं प्रदातुं फलकाङ्क्षिभिः ।
वेदे वा यत्समाख्यातं तन्मे व्याख्यातुमर्हसि ॥ १३.१०४.३ ॥
Explain to me what all the classes, desiring fruit, can give, and what is declared in the Veda.
13.104.4
तुल्यनामानि देयानि त्रीणि तुल्यफलानि च ।
सर्वकामफलानीह गावः पृथ्वी सरस्वती ॥ १३.१०४.४ ॥
Three things of equal name should be given, with equal fruit, and here they give the fruit of all desires: the cow, the earth, and Sarasvatī.
13.104.5
यो ब्रूयाच्चापि शिष्याय धर्म्यां ब्राह्मीं सरस्वतीम् ।
पृथिवीगोप्रदानाभ्यां तुल्यं स फलमश्नुते ॥ १३.१०४.५ ॥
He who teaches a student the lawful Brahmī Sarasvatī, the Vedic learning, obtains a fruit equal to that of giving earth and giving a cow.
13.104.6
तथैव गाः प्रशंसन्ति न तु देयं ततः परम् ।
सन्निकृष्टफलास्ता हि लघ्वर्थाश्च युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.१०४.६ ॥
So too are cows praised, but nothing should be given beyond them; for they, Yudhiṣṭhira, yield a near fruit and serve a small purpose.
13.104.7
मातरः सर्वभूतानां गावः सर्वसुखप्रदाः ।
वृद्धिमाकाङ्क्षता नित्यं गावः कार्याः प्रदक्षिणाः ॥ १३.१०४.७ ॥
Cows are the mothers of all beings, givers of every happiness. One who always desires prosperity should keep cows on his right.
13.104.8
सन्ताड्या न तु पादेन गवां मध्ये न च व्रजेत् ।
मङ्गलायतनं देव्यस्तस्मात्पूज्याः सदैव गाः ॥ १३.१०४.८ ॥
One should not strike cows with the foot, nor walk among them. Cows are the abodes of auspiciousness, goddesses; therefore they are always to be honoured.
13.104.9
प्रचोदनं देवकृतं गवां कर्मसु वर्तताम् ।
पूर्वमेवाक्षरं चान्यदभिधेयं ततः परम् ॥ १३.१०४.९ ॥
The goading-sound for cows engaged in tasks was made by the gods. First that single syllable is to be spoken, and only after it another word.
13.104.10
प्रचारे वा निवाते वा बुधो नोद्वेजयेत गाः ।
तृषिता ह्यभिवीक्षन्त्यो नरं हन्युः सबान्धवम् ॥ १३.१०४.१० ॥
Whether grazing or in a windless place, the wise man should not disturb cows; for thirsty cows that stare may kill a man together with his kinsmen.
13.104.11
पितृसद्मानि सततं देवतायतनानि च ।
पूयन्ते शकृता यासां पूतं किमधिकं ततः ॥ १३.१०४.११ ॥
Those by whose dung the abodes of the ancestors and the shrines of the gods are constantly purified—what could be purer than that?
13.104.12
घासमुष्टिं परगवे दद्यात्संवत्सरं तु यः ।
अकृत्वा स्वयमाहारं व्रतं तत्सार्वकामिकम् ॥ १३.१०४.१२ ॥
He who for a year gives a handful of fodder to another's cow, and performs this vow without eating food himself—that vow grants all desires.
13.104.13
स हि पुत्रान्यशोऽर्थं च श्रियं चाप्यधिगच्छति ।
नाशयत्यशुभं चैव दुःस्वप्नं चाप्यपोहति ॥ १३.१०४.१३ ॥
Indeed he obtains sons, fame, wealth and prosperity; he destroys misfortune and also drives away bad dreams.
13.104.14
देयाः किंलक्षणा गावः काश्चापि परिवर्जयेत् ।
कीदृशाय प्रदातव्या न देयाः कीदृशाय च ॥ १३.१०४.१४ ॥
What characteristics should the cows given have, and which should be avoided? To what kind of person should they be given, and to what kind should they not be given?
13.104.15
असद्वृत्ताय पापाय लुब्धायानृतवादिने ।
हव्यकव्यव्यपेताय न देया गौः कथञ्चन ॥ १३.१०४.१५ ॥
A cow should never be given in any way to one of wicked conduct, to the sinful, the greedy, the speaker of falsehood, or one devoid of offerings to gods and ancestors.
13.104.16
भिक्षवे बहुपुत्राय श्रोत्रियायाहिताग्नये ।
दत्त्वा दशगवां दाता लोकानाप्नोत्यनुत्तमान् ॥ १३.१०४.१६ ॥
Having given ten cows to a mendicant, to one with many sons, to a learned Vedic scholar, or to one who keeps the sacred fires, the giver obtains the supreme worlds.
13.104.17
जुहोति यद्भोजयति यद्ददाति गवां रसैः ।
सर्वस्यैवांशभाग्दाता तन्निमित्तं प्रवर्तितः ॥ १३.१०४.१७ ॥
Whoever offers in sacrifice with the juices of cows, feeds others, or gives gifts — the giver shares in all of it; for his sake this has been set in motion.
13.104.18
यश्चैव धर्मं कुरुते तस्य धर्मफलं च यत् ।
सर्वस्यैवांशभाग्दाता तन्निमित्तं प्रवृत्तयः ॥ १३.१०४.१८ ॥
And whoever performs dharma, and the fruit of that dharma — whatever it may be — the giver shares in all of it; for his sake these actions have been set in motion.
13.104.19
यश्चैनमुत्पादयते यश्चैनं त्रायते भयात् ।
यश्चास्य कुरुते वृत्तिं सर्वे ते पितरस्त्रयः ॥ १३.१०४.१९ ॥
He who begets him, he who saves him from fear, and he who provides his livelihood — all these are three fathers.
13.104.20
कल्मषं गुरुशुश्रूषा हन्ति मानो महद्यशः ।
अपुत्रतां त्रयः पुत्रा अवृत्तिं दश धेनवः ॥ १३.१०४.२० ॥
Service to the teacher destroys sin; honour brings great fame; three sons remove childlessness; ten cows remove lack of livelihood.
13.104.21
वेदान्तनिष्ठस्य बहुश्रुतस्य ।
प्रज्ञानतृप्तस्य जितेन्द्रियस्य।
शिष्टस्य दान्तस्य यतस्य चैव ।
भूतेषु नित्यं प्रियवादिनश्च ॥ १३.१०४.२१ ॥
Of one devoted to the Vedānta, of one of much learning, content with wisdom, who has conquered the senses, of the well-disciplined, the self-restrained, the striving, and of one who always speaks pleasantly to beings.
13.104.22
यः क्षुद्भयाद्वै न विकर्म कुर्या-
न्मृदुश्च शान्तौ ह्यतिथिप्रियश्च।
शुभे पात्रे ये गुणा गोप्रदाने ।
तावान्दोषो ब्राह्मणस्वापहारे। ॥ १३.१०४.२२ ॥
He who, even out of fear of hunger, does no wrong, who is gentle, calm and fond of guests — as great as the merit in giving a cow to a worthy recipient, so great is the fault in seizing a brahmin's wealth.
13.104.23
सर्वावस्थं ब्राह्मणस्वापहारे ।
दाराश्चैषां दूरतो वर्जनीयाः ॥ १३.१०४.२३ ॥
In every condition, seizing a brahmin's property is a sin; and their wives are to be avoided from afar.
13.104.24
विप्रदारे परिहृते तद्धनेऽपहृते च तु ।
परित्रायन्ति शक्तास्तु नमस्तेभ्यो मृताश्च ये ॥ १३.१०४.२४ ॥
When a brahmin's wife is abandoned and his wealth is seized, those who are able protect them. Homage to them, and to those who have died.
13.104.25
न पालयन्ति निहतान्ये तान्वैवस्वतो यमः ।
दण्डयन्भर्सयन्नित्यं निरयेभ्यो न मुञ्चति ॥ १३.१०४.२५ ॥
They do not protect those who have been slain; Yama, son of Vivasvat, constantly punishes and threatens them, and does not release them from the hells.
13.104.26
तथा गवां परित्राणे पीडने च शुभाशुभम् ।
विप्रगोषु विशेषेण रक्षितेषु गृहेषु वा ॥ १३.१०४.२६ ॥
Likewise, in protecting cows and in harming them there is good and evil; especially concerning Brahmins and cows, or those guarded in houses.