Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 13.146

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13.146.1

शूद्राणामिह शुश्रूषा नित्यमेवानुवर्णिता ।
कैः कारणैः कतिविधा शुश्रूषा समुदाहृता ॥ १३.१४६.१ ॥

Here the service of the shudras has always been described according to their class. By what reasons, and of how many kinds, has that service been declared?

13.146.2

के च शुश्रूषया लोका विहिता भरतर्षभ ।
शुद्राणां भरतश्रेष्ठ ब्रूहि मे धर्मलक्षणम् ॥ १३.१४६.२ ॥

By the service of the shudras, which worlds are ordained? O bull of the Bharatas, O best of the Bharatas, tell me the mark of dharma belonging to them.

13.146.3

अत्राप्युदाहरन्तीममितिहासं पुरातनम् ।
शूद्राणामनुकम्पार्थं यदुक्तं ब्रह्मवादिना ॥ १३.१४६.३ ॥

Here too they recite this ancient story, which was spoken by a knower of Brahman out of compassion for the shudras.

13.146.4

वृद्धः पराशरः प्राह धर्मं शुभ्रमनामयम् ।
अनुग्रहार्थं वर्णानां शौचाचारसमन्वितम् ॥ १३.१४६.४ ॥

The aged Parāśara spoke a pure and faultless dharma, endowed with purity and conduct, out of favor toward the classes.

13.146.5

धर्मोपदेशमकिलं यथावदनुपूर्वशः ।
शिष्यानध्यापयामास शास्त्रमर्थवदर्थवित् ॥ १३.१४६.५ ॥

Knowing the meaning, he taught his disciples the complete teaching of dharma, rightly and in due order, as a treatise full of meaning.

13.146.6

क्षान्तेन्द्रियेण मानेन शुचिनाऽचापलेन वै ।
अदुर्बलेन धीरेण शान्तेनोत्तरवादिना ॥ १३.१४६.६ ॥

Restrained in the senses, humble, pure, free from restlessness, not weak, steadfast, calm, and ready with answers.

13.146.7

अलुब्धेनानृशंसेन ऋजुना ब्रह्मवादिना ।
चारित्रतत्परेणैव सर्वभूतहितात्मना ॥ १३.१४६.७ ॥

By one who is free from greed and cruelty, upright, speaking the Veda, devoted to right conduct, and with a mind intent on the welfare of all beings.

13.146.8

अरयः षड्विजेतव्या नित्यं स्वं देहमाश्रिताः ।
कामक्रोधौ च लोभश्च मानमोहौ मदस्तथा ॥ १३.१४६.८ ॥

Six enemies, which always dwell in one's own body, are to be conquered: desire and anger, greed, pride and delusion, and likewise intoxication.

13.146.9

विधिना धृतिमास्थाय शुश्रूषुरनहंकृतः ।
वर्णत्रयस्यानुमतो यथाशक्ति यथाबलम् ॥ १३.१४६.९ ॥

Having adopted steadfastness according to rule, eager to serve and free from pride, approved by the three classes, one should act according to one's ability and strength.

13.146.10

कर्मणा मनसा वाचा चक्षुषा च चतुर्विधम् ।
आस्थाय नियमं धीमाञ्शान्तो दान्तो जितेन्द्रियः ॥ १३.१४६.१० ॥

Having taken up discipline in fourfold manner, through deed, mind, speech and sight, the wise man should be calm, self-controlled and one who has conquered the senses.

13.146.11

रक्षोयक्षजनद्वेषी शेषान्नकृतभोजनः ।
वर्णत्रयान्मधु यथा भ्रमरो धर्ममाचरेत् ॥ १३.१४६.११ ॥

Hating the Rākṣasas and Yakṣas, eating the food left over by others, like a bee taking honey from the three classes, one should practise dharma.

13.146.12

यदि शूद्रस्तपः कुर्याद्वेददृष्टेन कर्मणा ।
इह चास्य परिक्लेशः प्रेत्य चास्यासुभागतिः ॥ १३.१४६.१२ ॥

If a shudra performs austerity without the action prescribed by the Veda, he suffers affliction here, and after death his destiny is unhappy.

13.146.13

अधर्म्यमयशस्यं च तपः शूद्रे प्रतिष्ठितम् ।
अमार्गेण तपस्तप्त्वा म्लेच्छेषु फलमश्नुते ॥ १३.१४६.१३ ॥

Penance established in a Śūdra is unrighteous and brings no renown; having performed austerity by a wrong path, he reaps its fruit among the barbarians.

13.146.14

अन्यथा वर्तमानो हि न शूद्रो धर्ममर्हति ।
अमार्गेणि प्रयातानां प्रत्यक्षादुपलभ्यते।
चातुर्वर्ण्यव्यपेतानां जातिमूर्तिपरिग्रहः ॥ १३.१४६.१४ ॥

A Śūdra who conducts himself otherwise does not deserve dharma; this is directly seen among those who have gone by a wrong path—among those outside the four varṇas, birth and form are taken on.

13.146.15

तथा ते हि शकाश्चीनाः काम्भोजाः पारदास्तथा ।
शबराः पप्लवाश्चैव तुषारयवनास्तथा ॥ १३.१४६.१५ ॥

Likewise are they: the Śakas, the Cīnas, the Kāmbojas, the Pāradas, the Śabaras, the Paplavas, and the Tuṣāra-Yavanas as well.

13.146.16

दार्वाश्च दरदाश्चैव उज्जिहानास्तथेतराः ।
वेणाश्च कङ्कणाश्चैव सिम्हला मद्रकास्तथा ॥ १३.१४६.१६ ॥

The Dārvas and the Daradas, the Ujjihānas and the others; the Veṇas, the Kaṅkaṇas, the Siṃhalas and the Madrakas likewise.

13.146.17

किष्किन्धकाः पुलिन्दाश्च कह्वाश्चान्ध्राः सनीरगाः ।
गन्धिका द्रमिडाश्चैव बर्बराश्चूचुकास्तथा ॥ १३.१४६.१७ ॥

The Kiṣkindhakas and the Pulindas, the Kahvas and the Āndhras with the Nīragas; the Gandhikas, the Drameḍas, the Barbaras and the Cūcukas likewise.

13.146.18

किराताः पार्वतेयाश्च कोलाश्चोलाः सकाषकाः ।
आरूकाश्चैव दोहाश्च याश्चान्याम्लेच्छजातयः ॥ १३.१४६.१८ ॥

The Kirātas and the mountain-dwellers, the Kolas and the Colas together with the Kāṣakas; the Ārūkas and the Dohas, and the other barbarian tribes.

13.146.19

विकृता विकृताचारा दृश्यन्ते क्रूरबुद्धयः ।
अमार्गेणाश्रिता धर्मं ततो जात्यन्तरं गताः ॥ १३.१४६.१९ ॥

Distorted in conduct and distorted in form, cruel-minded men are seen; having taken refuge in dharma by a wrong path, they have passed into another kind.

13.146.20

अमार्गोपार्जितस्यैतत्तपसो विदितं फलम् ।
न नश्यति कृतं कर्म शुभं वा यदि वाऽशुभम् ॥ १३.१४६.२० ॥

This fruit of asceticism gained by a wrong path is known; a deed done, whether good or evil, does not perish.

13.146.21

अत्राप्येते वसु प्राप्य विकर्म तपसार्जितम् ।
पाषण्डानर्चयिष्यन्ति धर्मकामा वृथा श्रमाः ॥ १३.१४६.२१ ॥

Here too these men, having obtained wealth earned by wrong deeds and asceticism, will honour heretics, desirous of dharma; their toil will be in vain.

13.146.22

एवं चतुर्णां वर्णानामाश्रमाणां च पार्थिव ।
विपरीतं वर्तमाना म्लेच्छा जायन्त्यबुद्धयः ॥ १३.१४६.२२ ॥

Thus, O king, the unwise who behave contrary to the four varṇas and the āśramas are born as mlecchas.

13.146.23

अध्यायधनिनो विप्राः क्षत्रियाणां बलं धनम् ।
वणिक्कृषिश्च वैश्यानां शूद्राणां परिचारिका ॥ १३.१४६.२३ ॥

For brahmins, study is wealth; for kṣatriyas, strength and wealth; for vaiśyas, trade and agriculture; for śūdras, service is their duty.

13.146.24

व्युच्छेदात्तस्य धर्मस्य निरयायोपपद्यते ।
ततो म्लेच्छा भवन्त्येते निर्घृणा धर्मवर्जिताः।
पुनश्च निरयं तेषां तिर्यग्योनिश्च शाश्वती ॥ १३.१४६.२४ ॥

Through the severing of that dharma, one falls toward hell; then these become merciless mlecchas, devoid of dharma. Again for them there is hell, and an eternal animal birth.

13.146.25

ये तु सत्यथमास्थाय वर्णाश्रमकृतं पुरा ।
सर्वान्विमार्गानुत्सृज्य स्वधर्मविधिमाश्रिताः ॥ १३.१४६.२५ ॥

Those who, having adopted the true path of the varṇas and stages of life established of old, abandoning all wrong ways, take refuge in the rule of their own dharma.

13.146.26

सर्वभूतदयावन्तो दैवतद्विजपूजकाः ।
शास्त्रदृष्टेन विधिना श्रद्धया जितमन्यवः ॥ १३.१४६.२६ ॥

Full of compassion for all beings, worshipping the gods and the twice-born, following the rule seen in the scripture with faith, having conquered anger.

13.146.27

तेषां विधिं प्रवक्ष्यामि यथावदनुपूर्वशः ।
उपादानविधइं कृत्स्नं शुश्रूषाधिगमं तथा ॥ १३.१४६.२७ ॥

I shall explain their rule exactly and in due order: the entire rule of acceptance, and likewise the attainment through service.

13.146.28

शिष्टोपनयनं चैव मन्त्राणि विविधानि च ।
तथा शिष्यपरीक्षां च शास्त्रप्रामाण्यदर्शनात् ॥ १३.१४६.२८ ॥

The initiation of the disciplined, the various mantras, and likewise the examination of the pupil, in accordance with the authority of the scripture.

13.146.29

प्रवक्ष्यामि यथातत्वं यथावदनुपूर्वशः ।
शौचकृत्यस्य शौचार्थान्सर्वानेव विशेषतः ॥ १३.१४६.२९ ॥

I shall explain exactly, according to the truth and in due order, all the purposes of purity belonging to the duties of purification, in particular.

13.146.30

महाशौचप्रभृतयो दृष्टास्तत्वार्थदर्शिभिः ।
तत्रापि शूद्रो भिक्षूणामिदं शेष च कल्पयेत् ॥ १३.१४६.३० ॥

The great purification and the rest have been seen by those who perceive the true meaning; there too a śūdra should arrange this remainder for mendicants.

13.146.31

भिक्षुभिः सुकृतप्रज्ञैः केवलं दर्ममाश्रितैः ।
सम्यद्गर्शनसम्पन्नैर्गताध्वनि हितार्थिभिः।
अवकाशमिमं मेध्यं निर्मितं तामवीरुधम् ॥ १३.१४६.३१ ॥

By mendicants of well-formed wisdom, who rely solely on kuśa grass, endowed with right insight, who have travelled the path and seek welfare, this pure place, bare of plants, has been made.

13.146.32

निर्जनं संवृतं बुद्ध्वा नियतात्मा जितेन्द्रियः ।
सजलं भाजनं स्थाप्य मृत्तिकां च परीक्षिताम् ॥ १३.१४६.३२ ॥

Having ascertained a lonely, enclosed spot, the self-restrained one who has conquered his senses should set down a vessel with water and clay that has been tested.

13.146.33

परीक्ष्य भूमिं मूत्रार्थी तत आसीत वाग्यतः ।
उदङ्मुखो दिवा कुर्याद्रात्रौ चेद्दक्षिणामुखः ॥ १३.१४६.३३ ॥

Having examined the ground, the one who wishes to urinate should then sit silent; by day he should face north, and at night, if it is night, face south.

13.146.34

अन्तर्हितायां भूमौ तु अन्तर्हितशिरास्तथा ।
असमाप्ते तथा शौचे न वाचं किञ्चिदीरयेत् ॥ १३.१४६.३४ ॥

Even when the ground is screened and the head is covered, and likewise while purification is not finished, one should utter no speech at all.

13.146.35

कृतकृत्यस्तथाऽऽचम्य गच्छन्नोदीरयेद्वचः ।
शौचार्थमुपविष्टस्तु मृद्गाजनपुरस्कृतः ॥ १३.१४६.३५ ॥

Having finished what is to be done, and likewise having sipped water, one should not speak while walking; the one seated for purification, with clay and water placed before him,

13.146.36

स्थाप्यं कमण्डलुं गृह्यि पार्श्वोरुभ्यामथान्तरे ।
शौचं कुर्याच्छनैर्वीरो बुद्धिपूर्वमसङ्करम् ॥ १३.१४६.३६ ॥

Setting down the water-pot and taking it up, then between the sides and thighs, the brave one should perform purification slowly, deliberately, and without confusion.

13.146.37

पाणिना शुद्धमुदकं सङ्गृह्य विधिपूर्वकम् ।
विप्रुषश्च यता न स्युर्यथा चोरू न संस्पृशेत् ॥ १३.१४६.३७ ॥

Taking clean water in the hand according to the rule, one should be restrained so that the drops do not touch the thighs.

13.146.38

अपाने मृत्तिकास्तिस्रः प्रदेयास्त्वनुपूर्वशः ।
हस्ताभ्यां च तथा विप्रो हस्तं हस्तेन संस्पृशेत् ॥ १३.१४६.३८ ॥

At the anus, three portions of earth should be applied in due order; and similarly the brahmin should cleanse one hand with the other, using both hands.

13.146.39

अपाने नव देयाः स्युरिति वृद्धानुशासनम् ।
मृत्तिका दीयमाना हि शोधयेद्देशमञ्जसा ॥ १३.१४६.३९ ॥

Nine portions of earth should be applied at the anus—this is the instruction of the elders; with the earth being applied, one should readily cleanse the place.

13.146.40

तस्मात्पाणितले देया मृत्तिकास्तु पुनः पुनः ।
बृद्धिपूर्वं प्रयत्नेन यथा नैव स्पृशेत्स्फिजौ ॥ १३.१४६.४० ॥

Therefore clay should be placed again and again on the palm, and carefully, deliberately, so that the buttocks are not touched.

13.146.41

यथा घातो हि न भवेत्क्लेदजः परिधानके ।
तथा गुदं प्रमार्जेत शौचार्थं तु पुनःपुनः ॥ १३.१४६.४१ ॥

So that no harm arises to the garment from moisture, in the same way the anus should be wiped again and again for purification.

13.146.42

प्रतिपादं ततस्त्यक्त्वा शौचमुत्थाय कारयेत् ।
सव्ये द्वादश देयाः स्युस्तिस्रस्तिस्रः पुनः पुनः।
देया कूर्परके हस्ते पृष्ठे बन्धे पुनः पनः। ॥ १३.१४६.४२ ॥

Then, leaving aside the feet, one should rise and perform the purification; on the left hand twelve portions of earth should be given, three at a time, again and again; and on the elbow, the hand, the back and the joint earth should be applied again and again.