Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 13.211
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13.211.1
उक्तस्त्वया त्रिवर्गस्य धर्मश्च परमः शुभः ।
सर्वव्यापी तु यो धर्मो भगवंस्तं ब्रवीतु मे। ॥ १३.२११.१ ॥
You have declared the supreme and auspicious dharma of the threefold aims. O blessed lord, tell me that dharma which pervades everything.
13.211.2
ब्रह्मणा लोकसंसारे सृष्टा धात्रा गुणार्थिना ।
लोकांस्तारयितुं युक्ता मर्त्येषु क्षितिदेवताः ॥ १३.२११.२ ॥
In the world-cycle, Brahmā, the creator desiring virtues, created among mortals the worthy earth-gods (brahmins) to ferry the worlds across.
13.211.3
तेषु तावत्प्रवक्ष्यामि धर्मं शुभफलोदयम् ।
ब्राह्मणेष्वभयो धर्मः परमः शुभलक्षणः ॥ १३.२११.३ ॥
Among them, first I shall declare the dharma that yields auspicious fruit: among brahmins, fearlessness is the supreme dharma, of auspicious character.
13.211.4
इमे च धर्मा लोकानां पूर्वं सृष्टाः स्वयंभुवा ।
पृथिव्यां सद्द्विजैर्नित्यं कीर्त्यमानं निबोध मे ॥ १३.२११.४ ॥
These dharmas of the worlds were created in former times by the Self-existent one, and are constantly proclaimed on earth by good twice-born men; understand them from me.
13.211.5
स्वदारनिरतिर्धर्मो नित्यं जप्यं तथैव च ।
सर्वातिथ्यं त्रिवर्गस्य यथाशक्ति दिवानिशम् ॥ १३.२११.५ ॥
Devotion to one's own wife is dharma, and likewise constant recitation; hospitality to all, for the threefold aim, should be practised according to one's ability, day and night.
13.211.6
शूद्रो धर्मपरो नित्यं शुश्रूषानिरतो भवेत् ॥ १३.२११.६ ॥
A śūdra should always be devoted to dharma and intent on service.
13.211.7
त्रैविद्यो ब्राह्मणो वृद्धो न चाध्ययनजीवकः ।
त्रिवर्गस्य व्यतिक्रान्तं तस्य धर्मः सनातनः ॥ १३.२११.७ ॥
The elder brahmin who knows the three Vedas and does not live by teaching them has passed beyond the threefold aims; his dharma is eternal.
13.211.8
षट् कर्माणि च प्रोक्तानि सृष्टानि ब्रह्मणा पुरा ।
धर्मिष्ठानि वरिष्ठानि तानितानि शृणूत्तमे ॥ १३.२११.८ ॥
Six duties have been declared, created of old by Brahmā; they are most righteous and most excellent. Listen to them, O best one.
13.211.9
यजनं याजनं चैव दानं पात्रे प्रतिग्रहः ।
अध्यापनमध्ययनं षट्कर्मा धर्मभागृजुः ॥ १३.२११.९ ॥
Sacrificing for oneself, officiating at sacrifices for others, giving, accepting gifts from a worthy recipient, teaching, and studying — these are the six duties; the upright man shares in dharma.
13.211.10
नित्यः स्वाध्यायतो धर्मः नित्ययज्ञः सनातनः ।
दानं प्रशंसते नित्यं ब्राह्मणेषु त्रिकर्मसु ॥ १३.२११.१० ॥
Daily dharma comes from self-study; the daily sacrifice is eternal. Giving to brahmins is always praised among these three duties.
13.211.11
अयमेव परो धर्मः संवृतः सत्सु विद्यते ।
गर्भस्थाने विशुद्धानां धर्मस्य नियमो महान् ॥ १३.२११.११ ॥
This alone is the supreme dharma, kept hidden among the good. In the womb-place of the pure there is the great rule of dharma.
13.211.12
पञ्चयज्ञविशुद्धात्मा ऋतुनित्योऽनसूयकः ।
दान्तो ब्राह्मणसत्कर्ता सुसंमृष्टनिवेशनः ॥ १३.२११.१२ ॥
Whose soul is purified by the five sacrifices, constant in the seasonal rites, free from envy, self-controlled, honouring brahmins, with a well-swept dwelling.
13.211.13
चक्षुःश्रोत्रमनोजिह्वास्निग्धवर्णप्रदः सदा ।
अतिथ्यभ्यागतरतः शेषान्नकृतभोजनः ॥ १३.२११.१३ ॥
He who always gives gentle delight to eye, ear, mind and tongue, who takes pleasure in guests and arriving visitors, and who eats only the food left after the guests have eaten.
13.211.14
पाद्यमर्घ्यं यथान्यायमासनं शयनं तथा ।
दीपं प्रतिश्रयं चैव यो ददाति स धार्मिकः ॥ १३.२११.१४ ॥
He who gives, according to rule, water for the feet, the offering of honor, a seat, a bed, a lamp and lodging — he is righteous.
13.211.15
प्रातरुत्थाय वै पश्चाद्भोजने तु निमन्त्रयेत् ।
सत्कृत्याऽनुव्रजेद्यश्च तस्य धर्मः सनातनः ॥ १३.२११.१५ ॥
Rising early in the morning, he should invite (guests) to the meal afterwards; having honored them, he who escorts them on their way — his dharma is eternal.
13.211.16
प्रवृत्तिलक्षणो धर्मो गृहस्थेषु विधीयते ।
तदहं कीर्तयिष्यामि त्रिवर्गेषु च यद्यथा ॥ १३.२११.१६ ॥
For householders the dharma characterized by engagement in the world is prescribed; therefore I will describe it, and how it stands among the three aims.
13.211.17
एकेनांशेन धर्मार्थः कर्तव्यो हितमिच्छता ।
एकेनांशेन कामार्थमेकमंशं विवर्धयेत् ॥ १३.२११.१७ ॥
One who desires his own welfare should pursue dharma and wealth with one portion, and increase one portion for pleasure and wealth.
13.211.18
निवृत्तिलक्षणः पुण्यो धर्मो मोक्षो विधीयते ।
तस्य वृत्तिं प्रवक्ष्यामि तां शृणुष्व समाहिता ॥ १३.२११.१८ ॥
The sacred dharma characterized by withdrawal is prescribed for liberation; I will explain its practice to you — listen with a concentrated mind.
13.211.19
सर्वभूतदया धर्मो निवृत्तेः परम सदा ।
बुभुक्षितं पिपासार्तमतिथिं श्रान्तमागतम्।
अर्चयन्ति वरारोहे तेषामपि फलं महत् ॥ १३.२११.१९ ॥
Compassion for all beings is always the supreme dharma of renunciation. Those who honor a guest who comes hungry, parched with thirst and weary also obtain a great fruit, O fair-hipped one.
13.211.20
पात्रमित्येव दातव्यं सर्वस्मै धर्मकाङ्क्षिभिः ।
आगमिष्यति यत्पात्रं तत्पात्रं तारयिष्यति ॥ १३.२११.२० ॥
Those who desire dharma should give to everyone, regarding each as a worthy recipient. The worthy one who comes will carry them across.
13.211.21
काले सम्प्राप्तमतिथिं भोक्तुकाममुपस्थितम् ।
यस्तं सम्भावयेत्तत्र व्यासोऽयं समुपस्थितः ॥ १३.२११.२१ ॥
Whoever honors a guest who has arrived at the proper time and stands before him wishing to eat, in that very act Vyāsa himself has come and stands near.
13.211.22
तस्य पूजां यथाशक्त्या सौम्यचित्तः प्रयोजयेत् ।
चित्तमूलो भवेद्धर्मो धर्ममूलं भवेद्यशः ॥ १३.२११.२२ ॥
He should honor such a guest according to his ability, with a gentle mind. Dharma is rooted in the mind, and fame is rooted in dharma.
13.211.23
तस्मात्सौम्येन चित्तेन दातव्यं देवि सर्वथा ।
सौम्यचित्तस्तु यो दद्यात्तद्धि दानमनुत्तमम् ॥ १३.२११.२३ ॥
Therefore, O goddess, one should always give with a gentle mind. The gift given by one with a gentle mind is indeed the unsurpassed gift.
13.211.24
यथाम्बुबिन्दुभिः सूक्ष्मैः पतद्भिर्मेदिनीतले ।
केदाराश्च तटाकानि सरांसि सरितस्तथा ॥ १३.२११.२४ ॥
Just as fields, ponds, lakes and rivers are filled by fine drops of water falling upon the surface of the earth,
13.211.25
तोयपूर्णानि दृश्यन्ते अप्रतर्क्योऽतिशोभने ।
अल्पमल्पमपि ह्येकं दीयमानं विवर्धते ॥ १३.२११.२५ ॥
Full of water, they are seen; O most radiant one, the fruit is inconceivable. Even a little, given bit by bit, grows.
13.211.26
पीडयाऽपि च भृत्यानां दानमेव विशिष्यते ।
पुत्रदारधनं धान्यं न मृताननुगच्छति ॥ १३.२११.२६ ॥
Even with hardship, giving to servants is indeed the most excellent. Sons, wives, wealth and grain do not follow the dead.
13.211.27
श्रेयो दानं च भोगश्च धनं प्राप्य यशस्विनि ।
दानेन हि महाभागा भवन्ति मनुजाधिपाः ॥ १३.२११.२७ ॥
O glorious one, having obtained wealth, giving and enjoyment are the highest good; by giving, the greatly fortunate become lords of men.
13.211.28
नास्ति भूमौ दानसमं नास्ति दानसमो निधिः ।
नास्ति सत्यात्परो धर्मो नानृतात्पातकं परम् ॥ १३.२११.२८ ॥
On earth there is nothing equal to giving, and no treasure equal to giving. There is no dharma higher than truth, and no greater sin than falsehood.
13.211.29
आश्रमे यस्तु तप्येत तपो मूलफलाशनः ।
आदित्याभिमुखो भूत्वा जटावल्कलसंवृतः।
मण्डूकशायी हेमन्ते ग्रीष्मे पञ्चतपा भवेत् ॥ १३.२११.२९ ॥
He who performs austerity in the hermitage, eating roots and fruits, facing the sun, clothed in matted hair and bark, sleeping like a frog in winter, and in summer practising the five fires.
13.211.30
सम्यक्तपश्चरन्तीह श्रद्दधाना वनाश्रमे ।
गृहाश्रमस्य ते देवि कलां नार्हन्ति षोडशीम् ॥ १३.२११.३० ॥
Those who here perform austerity well, full of faith, in the forest hermitage, O goddess, do not deserve even a sixteenth part of the householder's stage.
13.211.31
गृहाश्रमस्य या चर्या व्रतानि नियमाश्च ये ।
तथा च देवताः पूज्याः सततं गृहमेधिना ॥ १३.२११.३१ ॥
The conduct, vows and observances of the householder's stage of life, and likewise, the householder must always worship the gods.
13.211.32
यद्यच्च परिहर्तव्यं गृहीणातिथिपर्वसु ।
तत्सर्वं श्रोतुमिच्छामि कथ्यमानं त्वया विभो ॥ १३.२११.३२ ॥
Whatever a householder must avoid on the days of guests and festivals, all that I wish to hear as you recount it, O lord.
13.211.33
गृहाश्रमस्य यन्मूलं फलं धर्मोऽयमुत्तमम् ।
पादैश्चतुर्भिः सततं धर्मो यत्र प्रतिष्ठितः ॥ १३.२११.३३ ॥
The root and fruit of the householder's stage of life is this supreme dharma, on which the dharma of four feet is always established.
13.211.34
सारभूतं वरारोहे दध्नो घृतमिवोद्धृतम् ।
तदहं ते प्रवक्ष्यामि श्रूयतां धर्मचारिणि ॥ १३.२११.३४ ॥
O fair one, that which is the essence, like ghee drawn from curds, I shall declare to you; listen, O follower of dharma.
13.211.35
दंपत्यलङ्करिष्णुश्च गृहदानरतिर्नरः ।
कलत्रसौख्यं विन्देत नास्ति तत्र विचारणा ॥ १३.२११.३५ ॥
The man who adorns the couple and delights in giving gifts at home obtains the happiness of a wife; there is no doubt about this.
13.211.36
स्त्रियो वा पुरुषो वाऽपि दम्पतीन्पूजयन्ति ते ।
मनोभिलषितान्कामान्प्राप्नुवन्ति न संशयः ॥ १३.२११.३६ ॥
Whether woman or man, those who honor the couple obtain the desires their minds long for; there is no doubt.
13.211.37
शुश्रूषन्ते ये पितरं मातरं च गृहाश्रमे ।
भर्तारं चैव या नारी अग्निहोत्रं च ये द्विजाः ॥ १३.२११.३७ ॥
Those who serve father and mother in the household stage of life, the woman who serves her husband, and the twice-born who keep the Agnihotra fire,
13.211.38
तेषुतेषु च प्रीणन्ति देवा इन्द्रपुरोगमाः ।
पितरः पितृलोकस्थाः स्वधर्मेण स रज्यते ॥ १३.२११.३८ ॥
By each of those deeds the gods, led by Indra, are pleased, and the ancestors dwelling in the world of the ancestors are pleased; by his own duty he is gratified.
13.211.39
मातापितृवियुक्तानां का चर्या गृहमेधिनाम् ।
विधवानां च नारीणां भवानेव ब्रवीतु मे ॥ १३.२११.३९ ॥
What is the conduct of householders bereft of mother and father, and of widowed women? Let you yourself tell me.
13.211.40
देवतातिथिशुश्रूषा गुरुवृद्धाभिवादनम् ।
अहिंसा सर्वभूतानामलोभः सत्यसन्धता ॥ १३.२११.४० ॥
Service to gods and guests, reverent greeting of teachers and elders, non-violence toward all beings, freedom from greed, and steadfastness in truth.
13.211.41
ब्रह्मचर्यं शरण्यत्वाशौचं पूर्वाभिभाषणम् ।
कृतज्ञत्वमपैशुन्यं सततं धर्मशीलता ॥ १३.२११.४१ ॥
Chastity, being a refuge to those who seek it, purity, speaking kindly first, gratitude, freedom from backbiting, and a constant disposition toward dharma.
13.211.42
दिने द्विरभिषेकं च पितृदैवतपूजनम् ।
गवाह्निकप्रदानं च संविभागोऽतिथिष्वपि ॥ १३.२११.४२ ॥
Bathing twice in the day, worship of ancestors and deities, the daily gift of a cow, and sharing one's portion with guests as well.
13.211.43
दीपप्रतिश्रयं चैव दद्यात्पाद्यासनं तथा ।
पञ्चमेऽहनि षष्ठे वा द्वादशेऽप्यष्टमेऽथवा।
तदुर्दशे पञ्चदशे ब्रह्मचारी सदा भवेत् ॥ १३.२११.४३ ॥
He should give a lamp and a shelter, and likewise water for the feet and a seat. On the fifth day, or the sixth, or the twelfth, or the eighth, and on that tenth or fifteenth day, let him always be a celibate.
13.211.44
श्मश्रुकर्म शिरोभ्यङ्गमञ्जनं दन्तधावनम् ।
नैतेष्वहस्तु कुर्वीत तेषु लक्ष्मीः प्रतिष्ठिता ॥ १३.२११.४४ ॥
On these days one should not have the beard shaved, anoint the head, apply collyrium, or clean the teeth; for Lakṣmī is established in them.
13.211.45
व्रतोपवासनियमस्तपो दानं च शक्तितः ।
भरणं भृत्यवर्गस्य दीनानामनुकम्पनम् ॥ १३.२११.४५ ॥
Observance of vows, fasting and restraint; austerity, and giving according to one's ability; supporting the class of servants, and showing compassion to the wretched.
13.211.46
परदारान्निवृत्तिश्च स्वदारेषु रतिः सदा ।
शरीरमेकं दंपत्योर्विधात्रा पूर्वनिर्मितम्।
तस्मात्स्वदारनिरतो ब्रह्मचारी विधीयते ॥ १३.२११.४६ ॥
Abstention from another's wife, and always delight in one's own wife; the body of husband and wife is one, fashioned beforehand by the Creator. Therefore one who is devoted to his own wife is enjoined as a celibate.
13.211.47
शीलवृत्तविनीतस्य निगृहीतेन्द्रियस्य च ।
आर्जवे वर्तमानस्य सर्वभूतहितैषिणः ॥ १३.२११.४७ ॥
For one who is humble in conduct and character, whose senses are restrained, who abides in uprightness and seeks the welfare of all beings.
13.211.48
प्रियातिथेश्च क्षान्तस्य धर्मार्जितधनस्य च ।
गृहाश्रमपदस्थस्य किमन्यैः कृत्यमाश्रमैः ॥ १३.२११.४८ ॥
For one who is dear to guests, forbearing, whose wealth is earned by dharma, and who stands in the householder's stage — what need has he of the other stages of life?
13.211.49
यथा मातरमाश्रित्य सर्वे जीवन्ति जन्तवः ।
तथा गृहाश्रमं प्राप्य सर्वे जीवन्ति चाश्रमाः ॥ १३.२११.४९ ॥
Just as all creatures live by taking refuge in a mother, so all the stages of life live by attaining the householder's stage.
13.211.50
राजानः सर्वपाषण्डाः सर्वे रङ्गोपजीविनः ।
व्यालग्रहाश्च डम्याश्च चोरा राजभटास्तथा ॥ १३.२११.५० ॥
Kings, all heretics, all who live by the stage, snake-charmers and ḍamba performers, thieves, and royal soldiers likewise.
13.211.51
सविद्याः सर्वजीवज्ञाः सर्वे वै विचिकित्सकाः ।
दूराध्वानं प्रपन्नाश्च क्षीणपथ्योदना नराः।
एते चान्ये च बहवस्तर्कयन्ति गृहाश्रमम् ॥ १३.२११.५१ ॥
The learned, the knowers of all living beings, all the doubters, men who have gone a long way and whose wholesome food is spent—these and many others reckon the householder's stage of life.
13.211.52
मार्जारा मूषिकाः श्वानः सूकराश्च शुकास्तथा ।
कपोतका कावटकाः सरीसृपनिषेवणाः।
अरण्यवासिनश्चान्ये सङ्घा ये मृगपक्षिणाम् ॥ १३.२११.५२ ॥
Cats, mice, dogs, pigs and parrots, pigeons, kāvaṭakas, reptile-eaters, forest-dwellers, and the other flocks of deer and birds—these likewise.
13.211.53
एवं बहुविधा देवि लोकेऽस्मिन्सचराचराः ।
गृहे क्षेत्रे बिले चैव शतशोऽथ सहस्रशः ॥ १३.२११.५३ ॥
Thus, O goddess, in this world there are beings of many kinds, moving and unmoving, by hundreds and thousands, in houses, in fields, and in burrows.
13.211.54
गृहस्थेन कृतं कर्म सर्वैस्तैरिह भुज्यते ।
उपयुक्तं च यत्तेषां मतिमान्नानुशोचति ॥ १३.२११.५४ ॥
The deed done by the householder is enjoyed here by all of them; and the wise man does not grieve over what is used by them.
13.211.55
धर्म इत्येव सह्कल्प्य यस्तु तस्य फलं शृणु ।
सर्वयज्ञप्रणीतस्य हयमेधेन यत्फलम्।
वर्षे स द्वादशे देवि फलेनैतेन युज्यते ॥ १३.२११.५५ ॥
Hear the fruit of one who, resolving upon it as dharma, takes it up. What fruit is gained by the horse sacrifice for one who has performed all sacrifices, that, O goddess, he attains in the twelfth year by this fruit.
13.211.56
आशापाशविमोक्षं च विधिधर्ममनुत्तमम् ।
वृक्षमूलचरो नित्यं शून्यागारिनिवेशनमम् ॥ १३.२११.५६ ॥
Release from the noose of desire, and the supreme dharma according to rule: one who always wanders at the root of a tree and dwells in an empty house.
13.211.57
नदीपुलिनशायी च नदीतीरमनुव्रजन् ।
विमुक्तः सर्वसङ्गेभ्यः स्नेहबन्धेन वै द्विजः। ॥ १३.२११.५७ ॥
One who sleeps on the sandbank of a river and wanders along the river's bank, a twice-born freed from all attachments and from the bond of affection.
13.211.58
आत्मन्येवात्मना भावं समायोज्येह तेन वै ।
आत्मभूतो यताहारो मोक्षदृष्टेन कर्मणा ॥ १३.२११.५८ ॥
Here, having joined one's disposition to the self by the self, becoming the self through it, restrained in diet, through action performed with liberation in view.
13.211.59
पवित्रनित्यो युक्तश्च तस्य धर्मःक सनातनः ।
नैकत्र रमते सक्तो न चैकग्रामगोचरः।
युक्तोऽप्यटति यो युक्तो न चैकपुलिनाश्रयः ॥ १३.२११.५९ ॥
The dharma of one who is always pure and disciplined is eternal. He does not delight, attached, in any one place, nor does he wander in only one village. Though disciplined he roams, and does not rest upon a single sandbank.
13.211.60
एष मोक्षविदां धर्मो वेदोक्तः सत्पथे स्थितः ॥ १३.२११.६० ॥
This is the dharma of those who know liberation, declared in the Veda, established on the true path.