Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 13.213
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13.213.1
देवदेव महादेव सर्वदेवनमस्कृत ।
यानि धर्मरहस्यानि श्रोतुमिच्छामि तान्यहम् ॥ १३.२१३.१ ॥
O god of gods, great god, honored by all the gods! The secrets of dharma that I wish to hear, those I now desire to hear.
13.213.2
रहस्यं श्रूयतां देवि मानुषाणां सुखावहम् ।
नपुंसकेषु वन्ध्यासु वियोनौ पृथिवीतले ॥ १३.२१३.२ ॥
Hear, O goddess, the secret that brings happiness to humans: concerning eunuchs, barren women, an unfit womb, upon the surface of the earth.
13.213.3
उत्सर्गो रेतसस्तेषु न कार्यो धर्मकाङ्क्षिभिः ।
एतेषु बीजं प्रक्षिप्तं न च रोहति वै प्रिये ॥ १३.२१३.३ ॥
Those who desire dharma should not discharge semen into them. Beloved, seed cast into these indeed does not sprout.
13.213.4
यत्र वा तत्र वा बीजं धर्मार्थीं नोत्सृजेत्पुनः ।
नरो बीजविनाशेन लिप्यते ब्रह्महत्यया ॥ १३.२१३.४ ॥
Wherever or in whatever place, one who seeks dharma and wealth should not again discharge seed; a man is stained by the sin of killing a brahmin through the destruction of seed.
13.213.5
अहिंसा परमो धर्म अहिंसा परमं सुखम् ।
अहिंसा धर्मशास्त्रेषु सर्वेषु परमं पदम् ॥ १३.२१३.५ ॥
Non-violence is the supreme dharma; non-violence is supreme happiness. Among all the scriptures of dharma, non-violence is the supreme station.
13.213.6
देवतातिथिशुश्रूषा सततं धर्मशीलता ।
वेदाध्ययनयज्ञाश्च तपो दानं दमस्तथा ॥ १३.२१३.६ ॥
Service to gods and guests, constant devotion to dharma, study of the Vedas and sacrifices, austerity, giving, and self-restraint likewise.
13.213.7
आचार्यगुरुशुश्रूषा तीर्थाभिगमनं तथा ।
अहिंसाया वरारोहे कलां नार्हन्ति षोडशीम् ॥ १३.२१३.७ ॥
Service to teachers and elders, pilgrimage to sacred fords, and non-violence — O fair-hipped one, these do not equal even the sixteenth part of that.
13.213.8
एतत्ते परमं गुह्यमाख्यातं परमार्चितम् ॥ १३.२१३.८ ॥
This supreme secret has been told to you, most revered.
13.213.9
यद्यधर्मस्तु हिंसायां किमर्थममरोत्तम ।
यज्ञेषु पशुबन्धेषु हन्यन्ते पशवो द्विजैः ॥ १३.२१३.९ ॥
If violence is unrighteous, O best of the immortals, why do the twice-born slay animals bound for sacrifice in the sacrificial rites?
13.213.10
कथं च भगवन्भूयो हिंसमाना नराधिपाः ।
स्वर्गं सुदुर्गमं यान्ति तदा स्म रिपुसूदन ॥ १३.२१३.१० ॥
And how, O blessed lord, O slayer of foes, do kings who kill again and again attain heaven, so very hard to reach?
13.213.11
यस्यैव गोसहस्राणि विंशतिः स्वादिकानि तु ।
अहन्यहनि हन्यन्ते द्विजानां मांसकारणात् ॥ १३.२१३.११ ॥
Whose twenty thousand cows, with their savory meat, were slain day after day for the sake of the meat for the twice-born,
13.213.12
समांसं तु स दत्त्वाऽन्नं रन्तिदेवो नराधिपः ।
कथं स्वर्गमनुप्राप्तः परं कौतूहलं हि मे ॥ १३.२१३.१२ ॥
King Rantideva gave food along with meat—how did he attain heaven? I am greatly curious about this.
13.213.13
किन्तु धर्मं न शृण्वन्ति न श्रद्दधति वा श्रुतम् ।
मृयां वै विनिर्गत्य मृगान्हन्ति नराधिपाः ॥ १३.२१३.१३ ॥
But they do not hear dharma, nor do they have faith in what they have heard; the kings go out to the hunt and kill deer.
13.213.14
एतत्सर्वं विशेषेण विस्तरेण वृषध्वज ।
श्रोतुमिच्छामि सर्वज्ञ तत्त्वमद्य ममोच्यताम् ॥ १३.२१३.१४ ॥
O Vṛṣadhvaja, I wish to hear all of this in detail and at length. O omniscient one, tell me the truth of it today.
13.213.15
बहुमान्यमिदं देवि नास्ति कश्चिदहिंसकः ।
श्रूयतां कारणं चात्र यथाऽनेकविधं भवेत् ॥ १३.२१३.१५ ॥
O goddess, this is greatly to be honored: there is no one who is non-violent. Hear the reason for it, so that it may be of many kinds.
13.213.16
दृश्यते चापि लोकेऽस्मिन्न हि कश्चिदहिंसकः ।
धरणीसंश्रिता देवि सुसूक्ष्मांश्चैव मध्यमान् ॥ १३.२१३.१६ ॥
And in this world, O goddess, no one is seen to be non-violent; even the very minute and the medium-sized creatures that dwell upon the earth (are not spared).
13.213.17
सञ्चरंश्चरणाभ्यां च हन्ति जीवाननेकशः ।
अज्ञानाज्ज्ञानतो वाऽपि यो जीवः शयनासनात्।
उपाविशञ्शयानश्च हन्ति जीवाननेकशः ॥ १३.२१३.१७ ॥
Walking about, he kills living beings in many ways with his feet, whether out of ignorance or even knowingly. The living being who kills through lying down or sitting, sitting and lying down, kills living beings in many ways.
13.213.18
शिरोवस्त्रेषु ये जीवा नरणां स्वेदसम्भवाः ।
तांश्च हिंसन्ति सततं दंशांश्च मशकानपि ॥ १३.२१३.१८ ॥
The living beings born of sweat in the head-cloths of men, and also gnats and mosquitoes, are constantly harmed by them (men).
13.213.19
जले जीवास्तथाऽऽकाशे पृथिवी जीवमालिनी ।
एवं जीवाकुले लोके कोसौ स्याद्यस्त्वहिंसकः ॥ १३.२१३.१९ ॥
In water there are living beings, and likewise in the sky; the earth is adorned with living beings. In a world so teeming with life, who could be one who does not harm?
13.213.20
स्थूलमध्यमसूक्ष्मैश्च स्वेदवारिमहीरुहैः ।
दृश्यरूपैरदृश्यैश्च नानारूपैश्च भामिनि ॥ १३.२१३.२० ॥
O lovely one, the world is filled with beings, gross, middling and subtle, born of sweat, water and trees, visible and invisible, of many forms.
13.213.21
जीवैस्ततमिदं सर्वमाकाशं पृथिवी तथा ।
अन्योन्यं ते च हिंसन्ति दुर्बलान्बलवत्तराः ॥ १३.२१३.२१ ॥
All this, the sky and the earth too, is pervaded by living beings. They harm one another; the stronger harm the weaker.
13.213.22
मत्स्या मत्स्यान्ग्रसन्तीह खगाश्चैव खगांस्तथा ।
सरीसृपैश्च जीवन्ति कपोताद्या विहङ्गमाः ॥ १३.२१३.२२ ॥
Here fish devour fish, and birds devour birds; birds live on reptiles, and pigeons and other birds likewise.
13.213.23
भूचराः खेचराश्चान्ये क्रव्यादा मांसगृद्धिनः ।
समृद्धाः परमांसैस्तु भक्षेरंस्तेऽपि चापरैः ॥ १३.२१३.२३ ॥
Ground-dwellers, sky-dwellers and other flesh-eaters, greedy for flesh, thrive on the flesh of others; and they too are eaten by others.
13.213.24
सत्वैः सत्वानि जीवन्ति शतशोथ सहस्रशः ।
अपीडयित्वा नैवान्यं जीवा जीवन्ति सुन्दरि ॥ १३.२१३.२४ ॥
Beings live by hundreds and thousands of other beings. O beautiful one, living beings do not live without harming another.
13.213.25
स्थूलकायस्य सत्वस्य खरस्य महिषस्य च ।
जीवस्यैकस्य मांसेन पयसा रुधिरेण वा।
तृप्यन्ते बहवो जीवाः क्रव्यादा मांसजीविनः ॥ १३.२१३.२५ ॥
By the flesh, milk, or blood of one living creature — a large-bodied one, or a donkey or a buffalo — many living beings are satisfied: flesh-eaters and those who live on flesh.
13.213.26
एको जीवसहस्राणि सदा खादति मानवः ।
अन्नाद्यस्य च भोगेन दान्यसंज्ञानि यानि तु ॥ १३.२१३.२६ ॥
A single human always eats thousands of living beings — and also those things that are named grains, through the enjoyment of food and other eatables.
13.213.27
मांसधान्यैः सबीजैश्च भोजनं परिवर्जयेत् ॥ १३.२१३.२७ ॥
One should abstain from food made of flesh and of grains together with their seeds.
13.213.28
त्रिरात्रं पञ्चरात्रं वा सप्तरात्रं तथाऽपि वा ।
धान्यानि यो न हिंसेताहिंसकः परिकीर्तितः ॥ १३.२१३.२८ ॥
He who does not harm grains, even for three, five, or seven nights, is proclaimed a non-violent one.
13.213.29
नाश्नाति यावतो जीवस्तावत्पुण्येन युज्यते ।
आहारस्य वियोगेन शरीरं परितप्यते ॥ १३.२१३.२९ ॥
As long as a living being does not eat, for that long it is joined to merit; through the separation from food, the body is afflicted.
13.213.30
तप्यमाने शरीरे तु शरीरे चेन्द्रियाणि तु ।
वशे तिष्ठन्ति सुश्रोणि नृपाणामिव किंकराः ॥ १३.२१३.३० ॥
When the body is afflicted, the senses of the body too stand under control, O fair-hipped one, like the servants of kings.
13.213.31
निरुणद्धीन्द्रियाण्येव स सुखी स विचक्षणः ।
इन्द्रियाणां निरोधेन दानेन च दमेन च।
नरः सर्वमवाप्नोति मनसा यद्यधिच्छति ॥ १३.२१३.३१ ॥
He who restrains the senses is happy and wise. By restraint of the senses, by giving, and by self-control, a man obtains all that he desires with his mind.
13.213.32
एवं मूलमर्हिसाया उपवासः प्रकीर्तितः ॥ १३.२१३.३२ ॥
Thus fasting has been declared to be the root of non-violence.
13.213.33
आहारं कुरुते यस्तु भूमिमाक्रमते च यः ।
सर्वे ते हिंसका देवि यथा धर्मेषु दृश्यते ॥ १३.२१३.३३ ॥
Those who prepare food and those who tread upon the earth — O goddess, all of them are violent, as is seen in the dharmas.
13.213.34
यथैवाहिंसको देवि तत्वतो ज्ञायते नरः ।
तथा ते सम्प्रवक्ष्यामि श्रूयतां धर्मचारिणि ॥ १३.२१३.३४ ॥
O goddess, just as a non-violent man is truly known, so I will explain it to you; listen, O practitioner of dharma.
13.213.35
फलानि मूलपर्णानि भस्म वा योपि भक्षयेत् ।
अलेख्यमिव निश्चेष्टं तं मन्येऽहमहिंसकम् ॥ १३.२१३.३५ ॥
I consider him non-violent who eats only fruits, roots, leaves or ash, and who is motionless like a painted figure.
13.213.36
आरम्भा हिंसया युक्ता धूमेनाग्निरिवावृताः ।
तस्माद्यस्तु निराहारस्तं मन्येऽहमहिंसकम् ॥ १३.२१३.३६ ॥
All undertakings are joined with violence, as fire is covered by smoke. Therefore I consider him non-violent who abstains from food.
13.213.37
यस्तु सर्वं समुत्सृज्य दीक्षित्वा नियतः शुचिः ।
कृत्वा मण्डलमर्यादां सङ्कल्पं कुरुते नरः ॥ १३.२१३.३७ ॥
The man who, having given up everything, takes initiation, becomes self-restrained and pure, and makes a vow within the bounds of the sacred circle.
13.213.38
यावज्जीवमनाशित्वा कालकाङ्क्षी दृढव्रतः ।
ध्यानेन तपसा युक्तस्तं मन्येऽहमहिंसकम् ॥ १३.२१३.३८ ॥
I consider him non-violent who, fasting all his life, awaiting his appointed time, firm in his vow, is devoted to meditation and austerity.
13.213.39
अन्यथा हि न पश्यामि नरो यः स्यादहिंसकः ।
बहु चिन्त्यमिदं देवि नास्ति कश्चिदहिंसकः ॥ १३.२१३.३९ ॥
Otherwise I see no man who could be non-violent. O goddess, this must be much considered: there is no one who is non-violent.
13.213.40
यतो यतो महाभागे हिंसा स्यान्महती ततः ।
निवृत्तो मधुमांसाभ्यां हिंसा त्वल्पतरा भवेत् ॥ १३.२१३.४० ॥
O greatly fortunate one, from whatever source great violence arises, abstain from that; abstaining from honey and meat, violence becomes far less.
13.213.41
निवृत्तिः परमो धर्मो निवृत्तिः परमं सुखम् ।
मनसा विनिवृत्तानां धर्मस्य निचयो महान् ॥ १३.२१३.४१ ॥
Renunciation is the supreme dharma; renunciation is the supreme happiness. For those who have turned away in mind, there is a great accumulation of dharma.
13.213.42
मनःपूर्वागमा धर्मा अधर्माश्च न संशयः ।
मनसा बध्यते चापि मुच्यते चापि मानवः ॥ १३.२१३.४२ ॥
Virtues and vices alike have the mind as their origin, without doubt. A human being is bound by the mind, and by the mind is also freed.
13.213.43
निगृहीते भवेत्स्वर्गो विसृष्टे नरको ध्रुवः ।
घातकः शस्त्रमुद्यम्य मनसा चिन्तयेद्यदि ॥ १३.२१३.४३ ॥
If restrained, there is heaven; if released, hell is certain. If a killer raises a weapon and merely thinks of it in his mind, (that too is a sin).
13.213.44
आयुःक्षयं गतेऽन्येषां मृते तु प्रहराम्यहम् ।
इति यो घातको हन्यान्न स पापेन लिप्यते ॥ १३.२१३.४४ ॥
He who kills, thinking, "I strike only after others' life has ended and they are dead," is not smeared by sin.
13.213.45
विधिना निहताः पूर्वं निमित्तं स तु घातकः ।
विधिर्हि बलवान्देवि दुस्त्यजं वै पुराकृतम् ॥ १३.२१३.४५ ॥
Those slain earlier by fate—the killer is merely the instrument; for fate is mighty, O goddess, and past deeds are hard to abandon.
13.213.46
जीवाः पुराकृतेनैव तिर्यग्योनिसरीसृपाः ।
नानायोनिषु जायन्ते स्वकर्मपरिवेष्टिताः ॥ १३.२१३.४६ ॥
By past deeds alone, living beings are born as creeping things in animal wombs, enveloped by their own actions, born into various wombs.
13.213.47
नानाविधविचित्राङ्गा नानाशौर्यपराक्रमाः ।
नानाभूमिप्रदेशेषु नानाहारश्च जन्तवः ॥ १३.२१३.४७ ॥
Creatures with many varied and wondrous limbs, of many kinds of valor and prowess, dwelling in the many regions of the earth, and feeding on many kinds of food.
13.213.48
जायमानस्य जीवस्य मृत्युः पूर्वं प्रजायते ।
सुखं वा यदि वा दुःखं यथापूर्वं कृतं तु वा ॥ १३.२१३.४८ ॥
For the living being that is born, death arises first; whether happiness or suffering, it comes as it was done before.
13.213.49
प्राप्नुवन्ति नरा मृत्युं यदा यत्र च येन च ।
नातिक्रान्तुं हि शक्यः स्यान्निदेशः पूर्वकर्मणः ॥ १३.२१३.४९ ॥
Men meet death when, where, and by whatever means it is decreed; the command of past action cannot be transgressed.
13.213.50
अप्रमत्तः प्रमत्तेषु विधिर्जागर्ति जन्तुषु ।
न हि तस्य प्रियः कश्चिन्न द्वेष्यो न च मध्यमः ॥ १३.२१३.५० ॥
Among the heedless, the vigilant ordinance keeps watch over creatures; to it no one is dear, none hateful, and none middling.
13.213.51
समः सर्वेषु भूतेषु कालः कालं निरीक्षते ।
गतायुषो ह्याक्षिपते जीवः सर्वस्य देहिनः ॥ १३.२१३.५१ ॥
Time is equal toward all beings; time watches over time; when life is spent, it snatches away the living soul of every embodied creature.
13.213.52
यथा येन च मर्तव्यं नान्यथा म्रियते हि सः ।
दृश्यते न च लोकेऽस्मिन्भूतो भव्यो द्विधा पुनः ॥ १३.२१३.५२ ॥
As and by what means one must die, so one dies, and never otherwise; in this world the past and the future are not seen to happen twice over in two ways.
13.213.53
विज्ञानैर्विक्रमैर्वाऽपि नानामन्त्रौषधैरपि ।
यो हि वञ्चयितुं शक्तो विधेस्तु नियतां गतिम् ॥ १३.२१३.५३ ॥
No one, by knowledge, valour, or many spells and medicines, is able to deceive the fixed course of fate.
13.213.54
एष तेऽभिहितो देवि जीवहिंसाविधिक्रमः ॥ १३.२१३.५४ ॥
This, O goddess, has been declared to you: the order of the ordinance concerning the harm done to living beings.