Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 13.245
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13.245.1
साङ्ख्यज्ञानं प्रवक्ष्यामि यथावत्ते शुचिस्मिते ।
यज्ज्ञात्वा न पुनर्मर्त्यः संसारेषु प्रवर्तते ॥ १३.२४५.१ ॥
O you of pure smile, I shall declare to you rightly the knowledge of Sāṅkhya, knowing which a mortal no longer turns about in the cycles of saṃsāra.
13.245.2
ज्ञानेनैव विमुक्तास्ते साङ्ख्याः संन्यासकोविदाः ।
शरीरं तु तपो घोरं साङ्ख्याः प्राहुर्निरर्थकम्। ॥ १३.२४५.२ ॥
Those Sāṅkhyas, skilled in renunciation, are liberated by knowledge alone; the Sāṅkhyas declare that tormenting the body with severe austerity is useless.
13.245.3
पञ्चविंशतिकं ज्ञानं तेषां ज्ञानमिति स्मृतम् ।
मूलप्रकृतिरव्यक्तमव्यक्ताज्जायते महान् ॥ १३.२४५.३ ॥
Their knowledge is remembered as consisting of twenty-five principles; the root nature is the unmanifest, and from the unmanifest arises the great one.
13.245.4
महतोऽभूदहङ्कारस्तस्मात्तन्मात्रपञ्चकम् ।
इन्द्रियाणि दशैकं च तन्मात्रेभ्यो भवन्त्युत ॥ १३.२४५.४ ॥
From the great one arose the ego-sense; from it the five subtle elements; and from the subtle elements indeed come the eleven senses, ten and one.
13.245.5
तेभ्यो भूतानि पञ्चास्य शरीरं यैः प्रवर्तते ।
इति क्षेत्रस्य संक्षेपं चतुर्विंशतिरिष्यते।
पञ्चविंशतित्याहुः पुरुषेणेह सङ्ख्यया ॥ १३.२४५.५ ॥
From them come the five gross elements, by which this body goes on. Thus the summary of the field is taught as twenty-four; but here, counting with the Puruṣa, they speak of twenty-five.
13.245.6
सत्वं रजस्तमश्चेति गुणाः प्रकृतिसम्भवाः ।
तैः सृजत्यखिलं लोकं प्रकृतिः स्वात्मकैर्गुणैः ॥ १३.२४५.६ ॥
Goodness, passion and darkness — these qualities are born of nature; with these qualities that are of its own nature, Nature creates the entire world.
13.245.7
इच्छा द्वेषः सुखं दुःखं संघातश्चेतना धृतिः ।
विकाराः प्रकृतेश्चैते वेदितव्या मनीषिभिः ॥ १३.२४५.७ ॥
Desire, aversion, pleasure, pain, the aggregate body, consciousness and steadfastness — these are to be known by the wise as the modifications of prakṛti.
13.245.8
लक्षणं चापि सर्वेषां विकल्पं चादितः पृथक् ।
विस्तरेणैव वक्ष्यामि तस्य व्याख्यामहं शृणु ॥ १३.२४५.८ ॥
I will explain in detail the characteristics of all things and their divisions from the beginning, one by one; listen to my exposition of them.
13.245.9
नित्यमेकमणु व्यापि क्रियाहीनमहेतुकम् ।
अग्राह्यमिन्द्रियैः सर्वैरेतदव्यक्तलक्षणम् ॥ १३.२४५.९ ॥
Eternal, one, subtle, all-pervading, without activity, without cause, not graspable by any of the senses — this is the characteristic of the unmanifest.
13.245.10
अव्यक्तं प्रकृतिर्मूलं प्रधानं योनिरव्ययम् ।
अव्यक्तस्यैव नामानि शब्दैः पर्यायवाचकैः ॥ १३.२४५.१० ॥
The unmanifest, prakṛti, the root, the principal, the womb, the imperishable — these are the names of the unmanifest, expressed by synonymous words.
13.245.11
तत्सूक्ष्मत्वादनिर्देश्यं तत्सदित्यभिधीयते ।
तन्मूलं च जगत्सर्वं तन्मूला सृष्टिरिष्यते ॥ १३.२४५.११ ॥
Because it is subtle it cannot be pointed out, and so it is called 'That' and 'Being'. That is the root of the whole world, and creation is said to be rooted in it.
13.245.12
सत्वादयः प्रकृतिजा गुणास्तान्प्रब्रवीम्यहम् ॥ १३.२४५.१२ ॥
The qualities born of prakṛti, beginning with sattva — I will now declare them.
13.245.13
सुखं तुष्टिः प्रकाशश्च त्रयस्ते सात्विका गुणाः ।
रागद्वेषौ सुखं दुःखं स्तम्भश्च रजसो गुणाः।
अप्रकाशो भयं मोहस्तन्द्री च तमसो गुणाः ॥ १३.२४५.१३ ॥
Happiness, contentment and clarity—these three are the qualities of sattva. Attachment and aversion, pleasure and pain, and torpor are the qualities of rajas. Obscurity, fear, delusion and drowsiness are the qualities of tamas.
13.245.14
श्रद्धा प्रहर्षो विज्ञानमसंमोहो दया धृतिः ।
सत्वे प्रवृत्ते वर्धन्ते विपरीते विपर्ययः ॥ १३.२४५.१४ ॥
Faith, joy, discernment, freedom from confusion, compassion and steadfastness increase when sattva is active; when it is reversed, their opposite arises.
13.245.15
कामक्रोधौ मनस्तापो लोभो मोहस्तथामृषा ।
प्रवृद्धे परिवर्धन्ते रजस्येतानि सर्वशः ॥ १३.२४५.१५ ॥
Desire and anger, mental anguish, greed, delusion and falsehood all grow entirely when rajas has increased.
13.245.16
विषादः संशयो मोहस्तन्द्री निद्रा भयं तथा ।
तमस्येतानि वर्धन्ते प्रवृद्धे हेत्वहेतुकम् ॥ १३.२४५.१६ ॥
Despondency, doubt, delusion, drowsiness, sleep and fear increase when tamas has grown strong, whether with a cause or without one.
13.245.17
एवमन्योन्यमेतानि वर्धन्ते च पुनःपुनः ।
हीयन्ते च तथा नित्यमभिभूतानि भूरिशः ॥ १३.२४५.१७ ॥
Thus these qualities increase one another again and again, and, when overpowered by each other, they constantly diminish in great measure.
13.245.18
तत्र यत्प्रीतिसंयुक्तं कायेन मनसाऽपि वा ।
वर्तते सात्विको भाव इत्युपेक्षेत तत्तथा ॥ १३.२४५.१८ ॥
Whatever state of gladness arises there, through the body or through the mind, is a sāttvika state; one should regard it as such.
13.245.19
यदा सन्तापसंयुक्तं चित्तक्षोभकरं भवेत् ।
वर्तते रज इत्येव तदा तदभिचिन्तयेत् ॥ १३.२४५.१९ ॥
When what is joined with distress and stirs up unrest in the mind occurs, know it as rajas, and reflect on it accordingly.
13.245.20
यदा सम्मोहसंयुक्तं यद्विषादकरं भवेत् ।
अप्रतार्क्यमविज्ञेयं तमस्तदुपधारयेत् ॥ १३.२४५.२० ॥
When what is joined with delusion and causes despondency, beyond reasoning and unknowable, that is to be recognized as tamas.
13.245.21
समासात्सात्विको धर्मः समासाद्राजसं धनम् ।
समासात्तामसः कामस्त्रिवर्गे त्रिगुणाः क्रमात् ॥ १३.२४५.२१ ॥
In brief, dharma is of sattva, wealth is of rajas, and desire is of tamas; in the triad of aims these three qualities occur in order.
13.245.22
ब्रह्मादिदेवसृष्टिर्या सात्विकीति प्रकीर्त्यते ।
राजसी मानवी सृष्टिस्तिर्यग्योनिस्तु तामिसी ॥ १३.२४५.२२ ॥
The creation of the gods beginning with Brahmā is proclaimed sattvic; the human creation is rajasic, and the animal wombs are tamasic.
13.245.23
ऊर्ध्वं गच्छन्ति सत्वस्था मध्ये तिष्ठन्ति राजसाः ।
जघन्यगुणवृतच्तिस्था अधो गच्छन्ति तामसाः ॥ १३.२४५.२३ ॥
Those established in sattva go upward, those of rajas remain in the middle, and those of tamas, whose conduct follows the lowest qualities, go downward.
13.245.24
देवमानुषतिर्यक्षु यद्भूतं सचराचरम् ।
आदिप्रभृति संयुक्तं व्याप्तमेभिस्त्रिभिर्गुणैः ॥ १३.२४५.२४ ॥
Whatever being exists among gods, humans and animals, moving and unmoving, joined from the beginning, is pervaded by these three qualities.
13.245.25
अतः परं प्रवक्ष्यामि महदादीनि लिङ्गतः ।
विज्ञानं च विवेकश्च महतो लक्षणं भवेत् ॥ १३.२४५.२५ ॥
Hence, I shall now explain mahat and the rest by their marks. Understanding and discernment are the characteristic of mahat.
13.245.26
महान्बुद्धिर्मतिः प्रज्ञा नामानि महतो विदुः ।
अहङ्कारः स विज्ञेयो लक्षणेन समासतः ॥ १३.२४५.२६ ॥
Know that the great one, intellect, thought and wisdom are the names of mahat. It is to be known briefly, by its characteristic, as ego-sense (ahaṅkāra).
13.245.27
अहङ्कारेण भूतानां सर्गो नानाविधो भवेत् ।
अहङ्कारनिवृत्तिर्हि निर्वाणायोपपद्यते ॥ १३.२४५.२७ ॥
Through ego-sense the creation of beings takes many forms. Only the cessation of ego-sense leads to liberation (nirvāṇa).
13.245.28
खं वायुरग्निः सलिलं पृथिवी चेति पञ्चमी ।
महाभूतानि भूतानां सर्वेषां प्रभवाप्ययौ ॥ १३.२४५.२८ ॥
Ether, air, fire, water and earth — these are the fifth group, the great elements. They are the origin and dissolution of all beings.
13.245.29
शब्दः श्रोत्रं तथा खानि त्रयमाकाशसम्भवम् ।
स्पर्शवत्प्राणिनां चेष्टा पवनस्य गुणाः स्मृताः ॥ १३.२४५.२९ ॥
Sound, hearing and the bodily openings — these three arise from ether. Touch and the motion of living beings are recalled as the qualities of air.
13.245.30
रूपं पाकोक्षिणी ज्योतिश्चत्वारस्तेजसो गुणाः ।
रसः स्नेहस्तथा जिह्वा शैत्यं च जलजा गुणाः ॥ १३.२४५.३० ॥
Form, cooking (heat), digestion and light — these four are the qualities of fire. Taste, oiliness, the tongue and coolness are the qualities born of water.
13.245.31
गन्धो घ्राणं शरीरं च पृथिव्यास्ते गुणास्त्रयः ।
इति सर्वगुणा देवि विख्याताः पाञ्चभौतिकाः ॥ १३.२४५.३१ ॥
Smell, the sense of smell, and the body — these are the three qualities of earth. Thus, O goddess, all the qualities of the five-elemented beings are declared.
13.245.32
गुणान्पूर्वस्यपूर्वस्य प्राप्नुवन्त्युत्तराणि तु ।
तस्मान्नैकगुणाश्चेह दृश्यन्ते बूतसृष्टयः ॥ १३.२४५.३२ ॥
Each earlier element also acquires the qualities of the later ones; therefore the creations of beings here are not seen to have only one quality.
13.245.33
उपलभ्याप्सु ये गन्धं केचिद्ब्रूयुरनैपुणाः ।
अपां गन्धगुणं प्राज्ञा नेच्छन्ति कमलेक्षणे ॥ १३.२४५.३३ ॥
Some unskilled people, having perceived smell in water, would say that smell is the quality of water; O lotus-eyed one, the wise do not accept this.
13.245.34
तद्गन्धत्वमपां नास्ति पृथिव्या एव तद्गुणः ।
भूमिर्गन्धे रसे स्नेहो ज्योतिश्चक्षुषि संस्थितम्।
प्राणापानाश्रयोः वायुः खेष्वाकाशः शरीरिणां ॥ १३.२४५.३४ ॥
Smell is not a quality of water; it is the quality of earth alone. Earth abides in smell and in taste, water in moisture, light is established in the eyes. Wind dwells in the seat of breath and downward breath, and space is in the cavities of embodied beings.
13.245.35
केशास्थिनखदन्तत्वक्पाणिपादशिरांसि च ।
पृष्ठोदरकटिग्रीवाः सर्वं भूम्यात्मकं स्मृतम् ॥ १३.२४५.३५ ॥
Hair, bones, nails, teeth, skin, hands, feet, heads, back, belly, hips, and neck — all of this is taught to be of the nature of earth.
13.245.36
यत्किञ्चिदपि कायेऽस्मिन्धातुदोषमलाश्रितम् ।
तत्सर्वं भौतिकं विद्धि देहैरेवास्य स्वामिकम् ॥ १३.२४५.३६ ॥
Whatever in this body rests upon the bodily constituents, faults and waste, know all of that to be material; it is subject to the body alone and belongs to it as its possession.
13.245.37
बुद्धीन्द्रियाणि कर्णत्वक्चक्षुर्जिह्वाऽथ नासिका ।
कर्मेन्द्रियाणि वाक्पाणिपादौ मेढ्रं गुदस्तथा ॥ १३.२४५.३७ ॥
The knowledge-senses are ear, skin, eye, tongue, and nose; the action-organs are speech, hands, feet, the genitals, and the anus, likewise.
13.245.38
शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च पञ्चमः ।
बुद्धीन्द्रियार्थाञ्जानीयाद्भूतेभ्यस्त्वभिनिःसृतान् ॥ १३.२४५.३८ ॥
Sound, touch, form, taste, and fifth, smell — these one should know as the objects of the knowledge-senses, issued forth from the elements.
13.245.39
वाक्यं क्रिया गतिः प्रीतिरुत्सर्गश्चेति पञ्चधा ।
कर्मेन्द्रियार्थाञ्जानीयात्ते च भूतोद्भवा मताः ॥ १३.२४५.३९ ॥
Speech, action, movement, pleasure, and excretion — these are the fivefold objects of the action-organs, and they too are held to arise from the elements.
13.245.40
इन्द्रियाणां तु सर्वेषामीश्वरं मन उच्यते ।
प्रार्थनालक्षणं तच्च इन्द्रियं तु मनः स्मृतम् ॥ १३.२४५.४० ॥
Of all the senses, mind is called the lord; it is marked by desire, and mind too is remembered as a sense.
13.245.41
नियुङ्क्ते च सदा तानि भूतानि मनसा सह ।
नियमे च विसर्गे च मनसः कारणं प्रभुः ॥ १३.२४५.४१ ॥
It always directs those senses and elements together with the mind; in restraint and in emission the mind is the cause, and it is the lord.
13.245.42
इन्द्रियाणीन्द्रियार्थाश्च स्वभावश्चेतना धृतिः ।
भूताभूतविकारश्च शरीरमिति संस्मृतम् ॥ १३.२४५.४२ ॥
The senses, the objects of the senses, nature, consciousness, steadiness, and the modification of the manifest and unmanifest — this is remembered as the body.
13.245.43
शरीराच्च परो देही शरीरं च व्यपाश्रितः ।
शरीरिणः शरीरस्य सोऽन्तरं वेत्ति वै मुनिः ॥ १३.२४५.४३ ॥
The embodied self, distinct from the body yet dwelling upon it — the sage truly knows the difference between the one who has a body and the body.
13.245.44
रसः स्पर्शस्च गन्धश्च रूपं शब्दविवर्जितम् ।
अशरीरं शरीरेषु दिदृक्षेत निरिन्द्रियम्। ॥ १३.२४५.४४ ॥
Free of taste, touch, smell, form and sound, bodiless among bodies and without the senses — one should wish to see him.
13.245.45
अव्यक्तं सर्वदेहेषु मर्त्येष्वमरमाश्रितम् ।
यः पश्येत्परमात्मानं बन्धनैः स विमुच्यते ॥ १३.२४५.४५ ॥
He who sees the supreme self, unmanifest in all bodies and dwelling as the immortal among mortals, is freed from bonds.
13.245.46
नैवायं चक्षुषां ग्राह्यो नापरैरिन्द्रियैरपि ।
मनसैव प्रदीप्तेन महानात्मा प्रदृश्यते ॥ १३.२४५.४६ ॥
He is not grasped by the eyes, nor by the other senses; only by the kindled mind is this great self seen.
13.245.47
स हि सर्वेषु भूतेषु स्थावरेषु चरेषु च ।
वसत्येको महावीर्यो नानाभावसमन्वितः ॥ १३.२४५.४७ ॥
That one, of great power, dwells alone in all beings, both the immovable and the moving, endowed with many forms of being.
13.245.48
नैव चोर्ध्वं न तिर्यक्च नाधस्तान्न कदाचन ।
इन्द्रियैरिव बुद्ध्या वा न दृश्येत कदाचन ॥ १३.२४५.४८ ॥
He is seen nowhere above, nor across, nor below; never is he seen by the senses, nor even by the intellect.
13.245.49
नवद्वारं पुरं गत्वा स्थितोऽसौ नियतो वशी ।
ईश्वरः सर्वलोकेषु स्थावरस्य चरस्य च ॥ १३.२४५.४९ ॥
Having entered the city of nine gates, he abides, restrained and self-controlled; he is the lord of all worlds, of the immovable and of the movable.
13.245.50
तमेवाहुरणुभ्योऽणुं तु महद्भ्यो महत्तरम् ।
बहुधा सर्वभूतानि व्याप्य तिष्ठति शाश्वतम् ॥ १३.२४५.५० ॥
Him they call smaller than the smallest and greater than the greatest; the eternal one, pervading all beings in many ways, abides.
13.245.51
क्षेत्रज्ञमेकतः कृत्वा सर्वं क्षेत्रमथैकतः ।
एवं स विमृशेज्ज्ञानी संयतः सततं हृदि ॥ १३.२४५.५१ ॥
Placing the knower of the field on one side and the whole field on the other, the wise man should thus reflect, ever restrained, within his heart.
13.245.52
पुरुषः प्रकृतिस्थो हि भुङ्क्ते प्रकृतिजान्गुणान् ।
अकर्ता लेपको नित्यो मध्यस्थः सर्वकर्मणाम् ॥ १३.२४५.५२ ॥
The person, abiding in nature, enjoys the qualities born of nature; he is the non-doer, unstained, eternal, and indifferent to all actions.
13.245.53
कार्यकारणकर्तृत्वे हेतुः प्रकृतिरुच्यते ।
पुरुषः सुखदुःखानां भोक्तृत्वे हेतुरुच्यते ॥ १३.२४५.५३ ॥
In the agency of cause and effect, nature is said to be the cause; in the enjoyment of pleasure and pain, the person is said to be the cause.
13.245.54
अजय्योऽयमचिन्त्योऽयमव्यक्तोऽयं सनातनः ।
देही तेजोमयो देहि तिष्ठतीत्यपरे विदुः ॥ १३.२४५.५४ ॥
This one is unconquerable, unthinkable, unmanifest and eternal; the embodied one, made of radiance, abides in the body, so others hold.
13.245.55
ज्ञानमूष्मा च वायुश्च शरीरे जीवसंज्ञकः ।
इत्येते निश्चिता बुद्ध्या तत्रैते बुद्धिचिन्तकाः ॥ १३.२४५.५५ ॥
Knowledge, heat, and breath, called the living self in the body — these are settled by reason; here these are the thinkers of the intellect.
13.245.56
अपरे सर्वलोकांश्च व्याप्य तिष्ठन्तमीश्वरम् ।
ब्रुवते केचिदत्रैव तिलतैलवदास्थितम् ॥ १३.२४५.५६ ॥
Others say the Lord abides pervading all worlds, and some say he is situated right here, like sesame oil.
13.245.57
अपरे नास्तिका मूढा हीनत्वात्स्थूललक्षणैः ।
नास्त्यात्मेति विनिश्चित्याप्रज्ञास्ते निरयालयाः ॥ १३.२४५.५७ ॥
Others, unbelieving and deluded, lacking gross signs, determine that there is no self; these unwise ones dwell in hell.
13.245.58
एवं नानाविधा नैव विमृशन्ति महेश्वरम् ॥ १३.२४५.५८ ॥
Thus, people of many kinds do not truly reflect upon Maheśvara.
13.245.59
भगवन्ब्राह्मणो लोके नित्यमक्षरमव्ययम् ।
अस्त्यात्मा सर्वभूतेषु हेतुस्तत्र सुदुर्गमः ॥ १३.२४५.५९ ॥
Blessed Lord, in the world there is the eternal, imperishable, unchanging Brahman, the self in all beings; its cause there is very hard to reach.
13.245.60
ऋषिभिश्चापि देवैश्च व्यक्तमेष न दृश्यते ।
दृष्ट्वा तु तं महात्मानं पुनस्तु न निवर्तते ॥ १३.२४५.६० ॥
Even by seers and gods this one is not seen plainly; but having seen that great soul, one does not return again.
13.245.61
तस्मात्तद्दर्शनादेव विन्दते परमां गतिम् ।
इति ते कथितो देवि साङ्ख्यधर्मः सनातनः।
कपिलादिभिराचार्यैः सेवितः परमर्षिभिः ॥ १३.२४५.६१ ॥
Therefore, by seeing him alone one attains the supreme goal. Thus, O goddess, I have declared to you the eternal dharma of Sāṅkhya, which was practised by Kapila and the other teachers and the great sages.