Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 13.61
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13.61.1
श्राद्धकाले च दैवे च पित्र्येऽपि च पितामह ।
इच्छामीह त्वयाऽऽख्यातं विहितं यत्सुरर्षिभिः ॥ १३.६१.१ ॥
Grandfather, at the time of the śrāddha, and in the rite for the gods and in the rite for the ancestors, I wish to know what you have declared here as prescribed by the gods and seers.
13.61.2
दैवं पौर्वाह्णिके कुर्यादपराह्णे तु पैतृकम् ।
मङ्गलाचारसम्पन्नः कृतशौचः प्रयत्नवान् ॥ १३.६१.२ ॥
Let him perform the rite for the gods in the forenoon, and the rite for the ancestors in the afternoon, endowed with auspicious conduct, having purified himself, and being diligent.
13.61.3
मनुष्याणां तु मध्याह्ने प्रदद्यादुपपत्तिभिः ।
कालहीनं तु यद्दानं तं भागं रक्षसां विदुः ॥ १३.६१.३ ॥
For humans, one should give the offering at midday, by proper means; but a gift given without its proper time, they know that portion as belonging to the rākṣasas.
13.61.4
लङ्घितं चावलीढं च लाकपूर्वं च यत्कृतम् ।
रजस्वलाभिदृष्टं च तं भागं रक्षसां विदुः ॥ १३.६१.४ ॥
That portion which has been stepped over, licked, first touched by a crow, and seen by a menstruating woman — they know that portion as belonging to the rākṣasas.
13.61.5
अवघुष्टं च यद्भुक्तमव्रतेन च भारत ।
परामृष्टं शुना चैव तं भागं रक्षसां विदुः ॥ १३.६१.५ ॥
O descendant of Bharata, that portion which has been proclaimed aloud, eaten by one without vows, and touched by a dog — they know that portion as belonging to the rākṣasas.
13.61.6
केशकीटावपतितं क्षुतं श्वभिरवेक्षितम् ।
रुदितं चावधूतं च तं भागं रक्षसां विदुः ॥ १३.६१.६ ॥
That portion which has fallen upon hair and insects, been sneezed upon, looked at by dogs, defiled by weeping, and shaken off — they know that portion as belonging to the rākṣasas.
13.61.7
निरोङ्कारेण यद्भुक्तं सशस्त्रेण च भारत ।
दुरात्मना च यद्भुक्तं तं भागं रक्षसां विदुः ॥ १३.६१.७ ॥
What is eaten without the oṃ-syllable, with a weapon in hand, O Bhārata, and what is eaten by a wicked-minded person, that portion they know to belong to the rākṣasas.
13.61.8
परोच्छिष्टं च यद्भुक्तं परिभुक्तं च यद्भवेत् ।
दैवे पित्र्ये च सततं तं भागं रक्षसां विदुः ॥ १३.६१.८ ॥
What is eaten as another's leftovers, what has already been consumed, and what is always present in rites for the gods and the ancestors, that portion they know to belong to the rākṣasas.
13.61.9
मन्त्रहीनं क्रियाहीनं यच्छ्राद्धं परिविष्यते ।
त्रिभिर्वर्णैर्नरश्रेष्ठ तं भागं रक्षसां विदुः ॥ १३.६१.९ ॥
A śrāddha that is served without mantras and without proper rite, served by the three classes, O best of men, that portion they know to belong to the rākṣasas.
13.61.10
आज्याहुतिं विना चैव यत्किञ्चित्परिविष्यते ।
दुराचारैश्च यद्भुक्तं तं भागं रक्षसां विदुः ॥ १३.६१.१० ॥
Whatever is served without an oblation of ghee, and what is eaten by the ill-conducted, that portion they know to belong to the rākṣasas.
13.61.11
ये भागा रक्षसां प्राप्तास्त उक्ता भरतर्षभ ।
अत ऊर्ध्वं विसर्गस्य परीक्षां ब्राह्मणे शृणु ॥ १३.६१.११ ॥
The portions that fall to the rākṣasas have now been declared. Hereafter, O bull of the Bharatas, hear the test of the visarga concerning the brahmin.
13.61.12
यावन्तः पतिता विप्रा जडोन्मत्तास्तथैव च ।
दैवे वाऽप्यथ पित्र्ये वा राजन्नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.१२ ॥
However many fallen, dull, and deranged brahmins there are, O king, they are not worthy of the place of honour in rites for the gods or for the ancestors.
13.61.13
श्वित्री क्लीबश्च कुष्ठी च तता यक्ष्महतश्च यः ।
अपस्मारी च यश्चान्धो राजन्नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.१३ ॥
The leper with white patches, the eunuch, the one with skin disease, the one stricken with consumption, the epileptic, and the blind — O king, they do not deserve the invitation.
13.61.14
चिकित्सका देवलका वृथा नियमधारिणः ।
सोमविक्रयिणश्चैव श्राद्धे नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.१४ ॥
Physicians, temple servants, those who keep observances in vain, and sellers of soma — these too do not deserve the invitation to the śrāddha.
13.61.15
गायना नर्तकाश्चैव प्लवका वादकास्तथा ।
कथका योधकाश्चैव राजन्नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.१५ ॥
Singers, dancers, acrobats, musicians, storytellers, and warriors — O king, they do not deserve the invitation.
13.61.16
होतारो वृषलानां च वृषलाध्यापकास्तथा ।
तथा वृषलशिष्याश्च राजन्नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.१६ ॥
Officiating priests of the low-born, teachers of the low-born, and pupils of the low-born — O king, they do not deserve the invitation.
13.61.17
अनुयोक्ता च यो विप्रो अनुयुक्तश्च भारत ।
नार्हतस्तावपि श्राद्धं ब्रह्मविक्रयिणौ हि तौ ॥ १३.६१.१७ ॥
O Bhārata, the brahmin who interrogates and the brahmin who is interrogated — neither of these two deserves the śrāddha, for both are sellers of Brahman (sacred knowledge).
13.61.18
अग्रणीर्यः कृतः पूर्वं वर्णावरपरिग्रहः ।
ब्राह्मणः सर्वविद्योऽपि राजन्नार्हति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.१८ ॥
The brahmin who was formerly made leader of the lower classes and who accepts the lower classes — though he knows all learning, O king, he does not deserve the invitation.
13.61.19
अनग्नयश्च ये विप्रा मृतनिर्यातकाश्च ये ।
स्तेनाश्च पतिताश्चैव राजन्नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.१९ ॥
Brahmins who do not keep the sacred fire, those who carry away the dead, thieves, and outcasts, O king, do not deserve the marker of honour (ketana).
13.61.20
अपरिज्ञातपूर्वाश्च गणपूर्वाश्च भारत ।
पुत्रिकापूर्वपुत्राश्च श्राद्धे नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.२० ॥
Those whose lineage is unknown, members of a guild or group, O descendant of Bharata, and sons of a daughter's son, do not deserve the marker at the śrāddha rite.
13.61.21
ऋणकर्ता च यो राजन्यश्च वार्धुषिको नरः ।
प्राणिविक्रयवृत्तिश्च राजन्नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.२१ ॥
One who incurs debts, a member of the warrior class, a usurer, and one whose livelihood is selling living beings, O king, do not deserve the marker of honour (ketana).
13.61.22
स्त्रीपूर्वाः काण्डपृष्ठाश्च यावन्तो भरतर्षभ ।
आजपा ब्राह्मणाश्चैव श्राद्धे नार्हन्ति केतनम् ॥ १३.६१.२२ ॥
Those who live under a wife's authority, those whose backs bear the marks of the bow-string, all such men, O best of the Bharatas, and brahmins who tend goats, do not deserve the marker at the śrāddha rite.
13.61.23
श्राद्धे दैवे च निर्दिष्टो ब्राह्मणो भरतर्षभ ।
दातुः प्रतिग्रहीतुश्च शृणुष्वानुग्रहं पुनः ॥ १३.६१.२३ ॥
O bull of the Bharatas, the brahmin named for the śrāddha and the rite of the gods belongs to both giver and receiver; now listen again to their favour.
13.61.24
चीर्णव्रता गुणैर्युक्ता भवेयुर्येऽपि कर्षकाः ।
सावित्रीज्ञाः क्रियावन्तस्ते राजन्केतनक्षमाः ॥ १३.६१.२४ ॥
Those who have kept their vows, endowed with virtues, even if they are cultivators, knowers of the Sāvitrī mantra and performers of rites, O king, are fit for the marker.
13.61.25
क्षात्रधर्मिणमप्याजौ केतयेत्कुलजं द्विजम् ।
न त्वेव वणिजं तात श्राद्धे च परिकल्पयेत् ॥ १३.६१.२५ ॥
Even a twice-born man of good family who follows the warrior's duty may be made a standard-bearer in battle, but, dear son, a merchant should not be appointed at the ancestral rite.
13.61.26
अग्निहोत्री च यो विप्रो ग्रामवासी च यो भवेत् ।
अस्तेनश्चातिथिज्ञश्च स राजन्केतनक्षमः ॥ १३.६१.२६ ॥
A Brahmin who keeps the fire-offering, dwells in a village, is not a thief, and knows the duties to guests — he, O king, is fit to be a standard-bearer.
13.61.27
सावित्रीं जपते यस्तु त्रिकालं भरतर्षभ ।
भिक्षावृत्तिः क्रियावांश्च स राजन्केतनक्षमः ॥ १३.६१.२७ ॥
He who recites the Sāvitrī verse at the three times of day, lives by begging, and is diligent in rites — he, O bull of the Bharatas, O king, is fit to be a standard-bearer.
13.61.28
उदितास्तमितो यश्च तथैवास्तमितोदितः ।
अहिंस्रश्चाल्पदोषश्च स राजन्केतनक्षमः ॥ १३.६१.२८ ॥
He who performs the twilight rites before sunrise and after sunset, who is non-violent and has few faults — he, O king, is fit to be a standard-bearer.
13.61.29
अकल्कको ह्यतर्कश्च ब्राह्मणो भरतर्षभ ।
संसर्ग भैक्ष्यवृत्तिश्च स राजन्केतनक्षमः ॥ १३.६१.२९ ॥
A Brahmin who is free from stain, not given to disputation, restrained in his company, and living by alms — he, O bull of the Bharatas, O king, is fit to be a standard-bearer.
13.61.30
अव्रती कितवः स्तेनः प्राणिविक्रयिको वणिक् ।
सनिष्कृतिः पुनः सोमं पीतवान्केतनक्षमः ॥ १३.६१.३० ॥
One who keeps no vows, a gambler, a thief, a merchant who sells living beings, or one who, though purified by atonement, has drunk soma again — these are not fit to be standard-bearers.
13.61.31
अर्जयित्वा धनं पूर्वं दारुणैरपि कर्मभिः ।
भवेत्सर्वातिथिः पश्चात्स राजन्केतनक्षमः ॥ १३.६१.३१ ॥
Having first acquired wealth even through cruel deeds, he may afterwards become host to all guests; O king, he may be fit to bear witness or to receive a gift.
13.61.32
ब्रह्मविक्रयनिर्दिष्टं स्त्रिया यच्चार्जितं धनम् ।
अदेयं पितृविप्रेभ्यो यच्च क्लैब्यादुपार्जितम् ॥ १३.६१.३२ ॥
Wealth declared to be gained by selling a Brahmin, wealth acquired by a woman, and wealth gained through cowardice — this is not to be given to ancestors or Brahmins.
13.61.33
क्रियमाणेऽपवर्गे च यो द्विजो भरतर्षभ ।
न व्याहरति यद्युक्तं तस्याधर्मो गवानृतम् ॥ १३.६१.३३ ॥
O best of the Bharatas, the twice-born who, when a rite is being finished, does not speak what is proper — his sin is like a lie about a cow.
13.61.34
श्राद्धस्य ब्राह्मणः कालः प्राप्तं दधि घृतं तथा ।
सोमक्षयश्च मांसं च यदारण्यं युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.६१.३४ ॥
The time of the śrāddha belongs to the Brahmin; curd and ghee are likewise obtained, and the decay of soma, and meat that is of the forest, O Yudhiṣṭhira.
13.61.35
मुहूर्तानां त्रयं पूर्वमह्नः प्रातरिति स्मृतम् ।
जपध्यानादिभिस्तस्मिन्विप्रैः कार्यं शुभव्रतम् ॥ १३.६१.३५ ॥
The first three muhūrtas of the day are remembered as the morning; in that time Brahmins are to perform the auspicious vow of recitation, meditation and the like.
13.61.36
सङ्गवाख्यं त्रिभागं तु मध्याह्नस्त्रिमुहूर्तकः ।
लौकिकं सङ्गवेऽर्धं च स्नानादि ह्यथ मध्यमे ॥ १३.६१.३६ ॥
The third part called saṅgava; midday lasts three muhūrtas; worldly affairs are half in the saṅgava period, and bathing and the like belong to midday.
13.61.37
चतुर्थमपराह्णं तु त्रिमुहूर्तं तु पित्र्यकम् ।
सायाह्नस्त्रिमुहूर्तं च मध्यमं कविभिः स्मृतम् ॥ १३.६१.३७ ॥
The fourth part is the afternoon, lasting three muhūrtas and belonging to the ancestors. The evening also lasts three muhūrtas; the middle period is thus declared by the wise.
13.61.38
चतुर्थ त्वपराह्णाख्ये श्राद्धं कुर्यात्सदा नृप ॥ १३.६१.३८ ॥
O king, in the fourth part, called the afternoon, one should always perform the shraddha.
13.61.39
प्रागुदीचीमुखा विप्राः विश्वेदेवे च दक्षिणाः ।
श्रावितेषु सुतृप्तेषु पिण्डं दद्यात्सदक्षिणम् ॥ १३.६१.३९ ॥
In the Viśvedeva rite the brahmins should sit facing east or north, and facing south; when the mantras have been recited and they are fully satisfied, one should offer the piṇḍa together with a fee.
13.61.40
श्राद्धापवर्गे विप्रस्य दातारो वोस्त्वितीरयेत् ।
क्षत्रियस्यापि यो ब्रूयात्प्रीयन्तां पितरस्त्विति ॥ १३.६१.४० ॥
At the close of the shraddha, one should say to the brahmin, 'May there be well-being for you, the donors'; and to the kshatriya, one should say, 'May the ancestors be pleased.'
13.61.41
अपवर्गे तु वैश्यस्य श्राद्धकर्मणि भारत ।
अक्षय्यमभिधातव्यं स्वस्ति शूद्रस्य भारत ॥ १३.६१.४१ ॥
At the close of the shraddha rite, one should declare 'imperishable' to the vaishya; and to the shudra, O descendant of Bharata, one should say 'may it be well.'
13.61.42
पुण्याहवाचनं दैवं ब्राह्मणस्य विधीयते ।
एतदेव निरोङ्कारं क्षत्रियस्य विधीयते ॥ १३.६१.४२ ॥
For the brahmin the auspicious-day recitation is prescribed as a divine rite; for the kshatriya this same rite is prescribed, but without the syllable oṃ.
13.61.43
वैश्यस्य दैवे वक्तव्यं प्रीयन्तां देवता इति ।
गोर्हिसायां चतुर्भागं पूर्वं विप्रातिकेतिनः ॥ १३.६१.४३ ॥
A vaiśya should say in the divine rite, "May the gods be pleased." In the slaughter of a cow, first a quarter goes to the one who has been invited as a brahmin guest.
13.61.44
वर्णावरेषु भुञ्जानं क्रमाच्छूद्रे चतुर्गुणम् ।
नान्यत्र ब्राह्मणो ब्रूयात्पूर्वं विप्रेण केतितः ॥ १३.६१.४४ ॥
For one eating among the lower varṇas, in order, fourfold in the śūdra. Elsewhere a brahmin should not speak, if he was first invited by a brahmin.
13.61.45
अभोजने च दोषः स्याद्वर्जयेच्छूद्रकेतनम् ।
शूद्रान्नरसपुष्टाङ्गो द्विजो नोर्ध्वां गतिं लभेत् ॥ १३.६१.४५ ॥
Not eating also brings fault; one should avoid a śūdra's invitation. A twice-born whose limbs are nourished by the essence of a śūdra's food does not attain the higher path.
13.61.46
अशुचिर्नैव चाश्नीयान्नास्तिको मानवर्जितः ।
न पूर्वं लङ्घयेल्लोभादेकवर्णोऽपि पार्थिव ॥ १३.६१.४६ ॥
An impure person, a disbeliever, or one without honor should not eat. Out of greed one should not transgress the earlier rule, O king, even one of the same varṇa.
13.61.47
विप्राः स्मृता भूमिदेवा उपकुर्वाणवर्जिताः ।
कर्मणामानुपूर्व्येण विदिपूर्वं कृतं शृणु ॥ १३.६१.४७ ॥
Brahmins are remembered as earth-gods, free from the upakurvāṇa rite. Listen to the order of the rites as done according to the Veda, first.
13.61.48
जातकर्मादिकाः सर्वास्त्रिषु वर्णेषु भारत ।
ब्रह्मक्षत्रे हि मन्त्रोक्ता वैश्यस्य च युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.६१.४८ ॥
All the rites beginning with the birth rite, O descendant of Bharata, exist in the three varṇas. For brahmin and kṣatriya they are prescribed with mantras, and for the vaiśya too, O Yudhiṣṭhira.
13.61.49
विप्रस्य रशना मौञ्जी मौर्वी राजन्यगामिनी ।
बाल्वजी ह्येव वैश्यस्य धर्म एष युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.६१.४९ ॥
The girdle of a brahmin is of muñja grass, that of a kṣatriya of maurvā fibre, and that of a vaiśya of bālvaja grass. This, Yudhiṣṭhira, is the duty.
13.61.50
पालाशो द्विजदण्डः स्यादश्वत्थः क्षत्रियस्य तु ।
औदुम्बरश्च वैश्यस्य धर्म एष युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.६१.५० ॥
The staff of a twice-born man should be of palāśa wood, that of a kṣatriya of aśvattha wood, and that of a vaiśya of udumbara wood. This, Yudhiṣṭhira, is the duty.
13.61.51
दातुः प्रतिग्रहीतुश्च धर्माधर्माविमौ शृणु ।
ब्राह्मणस्यानृतेऽधर्मः प्रोक्तः पातकसंज्ञितः।
चतुर्गुणः क्षत्रियस्य वैश्यस्याष्टगुणः स्मृतः ॥ १३.६१.५१ ॥
Hear the merit and demerit of the giver and of the receiver. For a brahmin the demerit of falsehood is declared to be a sin; it is remembered as four times that for a kṣatriya, and eight times that for a vaiśya.
13.61.52
नान्यत्र ब्राह्मणोऽश्नीयात्पूर्वं विप्रेण केतितः ।
यवीयान्पशुहिंसायां तुल्यधर्मा भवेत्स हि ॥ १३.६१.५२ ॥
A brahmin should not eat elsewhere, unless first invited by a brahmin. The lesser one, in the killing of animals, becomes one of equal duty with him.
13.61.53
तथा राजन्यवैश्याभ्यां यद्यश्नीयात्तु केतितः ।
यवीयान्पशुहिंसायां भागार्धं समवाप्नुयात् ॥ १३.६१.५३ ॥
Likewise, if one eats when invited by a kṣatriya or a vaiśya, the lesser one, in the killing of animals, obtains half a share.
13.61.54
दैवं वाऽप्यथवा पित्र्यं योऽश्नीयाद्ब्राह्मणादिषु ।
अस्नातो ब्राह्मणो राजंस्तस्याधर्मोऽनृतं स्मृतम् ॥ १३.६१.५४ ॥
A brahmin who eats, unbathed, food offered to the gods or to the ancestors, or food in the house of brahmins and others, O king, his demerit is declared to be falsehood.
13.61.55
आशौचो ब्राह्मणो राजन्योऽश्नीयाद्ब्राह्मणादिषु ।
ज्ञानपूर्वमथो लोभात्तस्याधर्मो गवानृतम् ॥ १३.६१.५५ ॥
If an impure brahmin or kṣatriya eats together with brahmins and others, knowingly or out of greed, his unrighteousness is declared equal to the slaughter of a cow or to a lie.
13.61.56
अर्थेनान्येन यो लिप्सेत्कर्मार्थं चैव भारत ।
आमन्त्रयति राजेन्द्र तस्याधर्मोऽनृतं स्मृतम् ॥ १३.६१.५६ ॥
O descendant of Bharata, he who seeks to obtain for a rite by means of wealth or some other thing, and invites, O lord of kings, his unrighteousness is declared to be a lie.
13.61.57
अवेदव्रतचारित्रास्त्रिभिर्वर्णैर्युधिष्ठिर ।
मन्त्रवत्परिविष्यन्ते तस्याधर्मो गवानृतम् ॥ १३.६१.५७ ॥
O Yudhiṣṭhira, those whose learning and conduct lack the Veda and vows, when served with mantras to the three social orders, their unrighteousness is declared to be equal to the slaughter of a cow or to a lie.