Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 13.82
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13.82.1
सर्वशास्त्रविधानज्ञ राजधर्मविदुत्तम ।
अतीव संशयच्छेत्ता भवान्वै प्रथितः क्षितौ ॥ १३.८२.१ ॥
You who know the rules of all the scriptures, best among those who know the duties of kings, are renowned on earth as the supreme resolver of doubts.
13.82.2
कश्चित्तु संशयो मेऽस्ति तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ।
अस्यामापदि कष्टायामन्यं पृच्छाम कं वयम्
जातेऽस्मिन्संशये राजन्नान्यं पृच्छेम कञ्चन ॥ १३.८२.२ ॥
But I have a doubt; tell it to me, grandfather. In this painful calamity, whom else should we ask? Once this doubt has arisen, O king, we shall ask no one else.
13.82.3
यथा नरेण कर्तव्यं धर्ममार्गानुवर्तिना ।
एतत्सर्वं महाबाहो भवान्व्याख्यातुमर्हति ॥ १३.८२.३ ॥
How a man who follows the path of dharma should act, all of this, O mighty-armed one, you are able to explain.
13.82.4
चतस्रो विहिता भार्या ब्राह्मणस्य पितामह ।
ब्राह्मणी क्षत्रिया वैश्या शूद्रा च रतिमिच्छतः ॥ १३.८२.४ ॥
Four wives have been prescribed, grandfather, for a brahmin who desires pleasure: a brahmin woman, a kṣatriya woman, a vaiśya woman and a śūdra woman.
13.82.5
तत्र जातेषु पुत्रेषु सर्वासां कुरुसत्तम ।
आनुपूर्व्येण कस्तेषां पित्र्यं दायाद्यमर्हति ॥ १३.८२.५ ॥
O best of the Kurus, among the sons born to all of them, in order of birth, which of them deserves the paternal inheritance?
13.82.6
केन वा किं ततो हार्यं पितृवित्तात्पितामह ।
एतदिच्छामि कथितं विभागस्तेषु कः स्मृतः ॥ १३.८२.६ ॥
Grandfather, by whom and what should be taken from the father's wealth? I wish to hear how the division among them is prescribed.
13.82.7
ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो वैश्यस्त्रयो वर्णा द्विजातयः ।
एतेषु विहितो धर्मो ब्राह्मणस्य युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.८२.७ ॥
Brahmin, kṣatriya and vaiśya — these three classes are the twice-born. Among them the duty of the brahmin is prescribed, O Yudhiṣṭhira.
13.82.8
वैषम्यादथवा लोभात्कामाद्वाऽपि परन्तप ।
ब्राह्मणस्य भवेच्छूद्रा न तु दृष्टा न तु स्मृता ॥ १३.८२.८ ॥
Whether from inequality, or from greed, or even from desire, O scorcher of foes, a brahmin might have a śūdra wife — yet this has not been seen, nor is it recorded in the smṛti.
13.82.9
शूद्रां शयनमारोप्य ब्राह्मणि यात्यधोगतिम् ।
प्रायश्चित्तीयते चापि विधिदृष्टेन कर्मणा ॥ १३.८२.९ ॥
Having placed a śūdra woman on his bed, a brahmin goes to a lower state; and atonement for it is to be made by the rite prescribed by rule.
13.82.10
तत्र जातेष्वपत्येषु द्विगुणं स्वाद्युधिष्ठिर ।
अतस्ते नियमं वित्ते सम्प्रवक्ष्यामि भारत ॥ १३.८२.१० ॥
Among the offspring born there, the share should be doubled, O Yudhiṣṭhira. Therefore, O descendant of Bharata, I shall fully explain to you the rule concerning wealth.
13.82.11
लक्षण्यं गोवृषो यानं यत्प्रधानतमं भवेत् ।
ब्राह्मण्यास्तद्धरेत्पुत्र एकांशं वै पितुर्धनात् ॥ १३.८२.११ ॥
The choice property — a bull, the finest vehicle that there may be — the son of the brahmin woman should take, and one share of his father's wealth as well.
13.82.12
एषं तु दशधा कार्यं ब्राह्मणस्वं युधिष्ठिर ।
तत्र तेनैव हर्तव्याश्चत्वारोंशाः पितुर्धनात् ॥ १३.८२.१२ ॥
Following these, the brahmin's property should be divided into ten parts, O Yudhiṣṭhira. Of these, the son of the brahmin woman should take four shares from his father's wealth.
13.82.13
त्रियायास्तु यः पुत्रो ब्राह्मणः सोप्यसंशयः ।
स तु मातुर्विशेषेण त्रीनंशान्हर्तुमर्हति ॥ १३.८२.१३ ॥
The son of a woman who is a brahmin is, without doubt, the same. Because of his mother in particular, he is entitled to take three shares.
13.82.14
वर्णे तृतीये जातस्तु वैश्यायां ब्राह्मणादपि ।
द्विरंशस्तेन हर्तव्यो ब्राह्मणस्वाद्युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.८२.१४ ॥
Born in the third varṇa, from a vaiśya woman by a brahmin, he too, O Yudhiṣṭhira, should take two shares from the brahmin's wealth.
13.82.15
शूद्रायां ब्राह्मणाज्जातो नित्यादेयधनः स्मृतः ।
अल्पं चापि प्रदातव्यं शूद्रापुत्राय भारत ॥ १३.८२.१५ ॥
Born of a brahmin from a śūdra woman, he is remembered as one whose wealth must always be given. Even a little should be given to the son of a śūdra woman, O descendant of Bharata.
13.82.16
दशधा प्रविभक्तस्य धनस्यैव भवेत्क्रमः ।
सवर्णासु तु जातानां समान्भागान्प्रकल्पयेत् ॥ १३.८२.१६ ॥
For wealth divided into ten parts, the order should be as follows; but among those born of women of the same varṇa, equal shares should be arranged.
13.82.17
अब्राह्मणं तु मन्यन्ते शूद्रापुत्रमनैपुणात् ।
त्रिषु वर्णेषु जातो हि ब्राह्मणाद्ब्राह्मणो भवेत् ॥ १३.८२.१७ ॥
But people regard the son of a śūdra woman as a non-brahmin through lack of skill. Though born in the three varṇas, one born of a brahmin should become a brahmin.
13.82.18
स्मृताश्च वर्णाश्चत्वारः पञ्चमो नाधिगम्यते ।
हरेच्च दशमं भागं शूद्रापुत्रः पितुर्धनात् ॥ १३.८२.१८ ॥
Only four varṇas are remembered; a fifth is not found. The son of a śūdra woman should take a tenth share of his father's wealth.
13.82.19
तत्तु दत्तं हरेत्पित्रा नादत्तं हर्तुमर्हति ।
अवश्यं हि धनं देयं शूद्रापुत्राय भारत ॥ १३.८२.१९ ॥
What the father has given, that alone may he take; what was not given, he is not entitled to take. O Bhārata, wealth must indeed be given to the son of a śūdra woman.
13.82.20
आनृशंस्यं परो धर्म इति तस्मै प्रदीयते ।
यत्रतत्र समुत्पन्नं गुणायैवोपपद्यते ॥ १३.८२.२० ॥
Compassion is the highest duty, and so it is given to him. Wherever it arises, it is fitting only for merit.
13.82.21
यद्यप्येष सुपुत्रः स्यादपुत्रो यदि वा भवेत् ।
नाधिकं दशमाद्दद्याच्छूद्रापुत्राय भारत ॥ १३.८२.२१ ॥
Even if this one is a good son, or if he is without a son, O Bhārata, one should not give to the son of a śūdra woman more than a tenth.
13.82.22
स्मृत एकश्चतुर्भागः कन्याभागस्तु धर्मतः ।
अभ्रातृका समग्राहा चार्धास्येत्यपरे विदुः ॥ १३.८२.२२ ॥
According to dharma, a daughter's share is remembered as one quarter. But one who has no brothers takes the whole; others hold that she takes half.
13.82.23
त्रैवार्विकाद्यदा भक्तादधिकं स्याद्द्विजस्य तु ।
यजेत तेन द्रव्येण न वृथा साधयेद्धनम् ॥ १३.८२.२३ ॥
When a twice-born man has wealth beyond the provision of food for three years, he should sacrifice with that wealth; he should not accumulate wealth in vain.
13.82.24
त्रिसहस्रपरो दायः स्त्रियै देयो धनस्य वै ।
भर्त्रा तच्च धनं दत्तं यथार्हं भोक्तुमर्हति ॥ १३.८२.२४ ॥
To a woman a share of wealth up to three thousand must be given. That wealth given by her husband, she is entitled to enjoy as is fitting.
13.82.25
स्त्रीणां तु पतिदायाद्यमुपभोगफलं स्मृतम् ।
नापहारं स्त्रियः कुर्युः पितृवित्तात्कथञ्चन ॥ १३.८२.२५ ॥
For women, the husband's inheritance is declared to be the fruit of enjoyment. Women should not in any way seize their father's wealth.
13.82.26
स्त्रियास्तु यद्भवेद्वित्तं पित्रा दत्तं युधिष्ठिर ।
ब्राह्मण्यास्तद्धरेत्कन्या यथा पुत्रस्तथाऽस्य सा ॥ १३.८२.२६ ॥
O Yudhiṣṭhira, whatever wealth a father has given to a woman, that the brahmin woman's daughter should take; just as a son takes his father's wealth, so she takes his.
13.82.27
सा हि पुत्रसमा राजन्विहिता कुरुनन्दन ।
एवमेव समुद्दिष्टो धर्मो वै भरतर्षभ।
एवं धर्ममनुस्मृत्य न वृथा साधयेद्धनम् ॥ १३.८२.२७ ॥
She is indeed prescribed as equal to a son, O king, O delight of the Kurus. Thus the law has been declared, O bull of the Bharatas. Remembering this law, one should not pursue wealth in vain.
13.82.28
शूद्रायां ब्राह्मणाज्जातो यद्यदेयधनः स्मृतः ।
केन प्रतिविशेषेण दशमोऽप्यस्य दीयते ॥ १३.८२.२८ ॥
For the son born of a brahmin from a śūdra woman, though it is declared that wealth must be given, by what particular distinction is a tenth part given to him?
13.82.29
ब्राह्मण्यां ब्राह्मणाज्जातो ब्राह्मणः स्यान्न संशयः ।
क्षत्रियायां तथैव स्याद्वैश्यायामपि चैव हि ॥ १३.८२.२९ ॥
The son born of a brahmin from a brahmin woman is surely a brahmin, without doubt. Likewise with a kṣatriya woman, and also with a vaiśya woman.
13.82.30
कस्मात्तु विषमं भागं भजेरन्नृपसत्तम ।
यदा सर्वे त्रयो वर्णास्त्वयोक्ता ब्राह्मणा इति ॥ १३.८२.३० ॥
O best of kings, when you have declared that all three classes are brahmins, why then should they receive an unequal share?
13.82.31
दारा इत्युच्यते लोके नाम्नैकेन परन्तप ।
प्रोक्तेनि चैव नाम्नाऽयं विशेषः सुमहान्भवेत् ॥ १३.८२.३१ ॥
O scorcher of foes, in the world one name, 'dārāḥ' (wives), is used; yet a difference of name makes a very great distinction.
13.82.32
तिस्रः कृत्वा पुरो भार्याः पश्चाद्विन्देत ब्राह्मणीम् ।
सा ज्येष्ठा सा च पूज्या स्यात्सा च ताभ्यो गरीयसी ॥ १३.८२.३२ ॥
Having first taken three wives, one should afterwards marry a brahmin woman; she is the eldest and is to be honored, and she is more weighty than all of them.
13.82.33
स्नानं प्रसाधनं भर्तुर्दन्तधावनमुञ्जनम् ।
हव्यं कव्यं च यच्चान्यद्धर्मयुक्तं गृहे भवेत् ॥ १३.८२.३३ ॥
Bathing of the husband, adornment, tooth-cleaning, anointing the eyes, offerings to the gods and to the ancestors, and whatever else in the house is in accord with dharma—these should be done by the wife.
13.82.34
न तस्यां जातु तिष्ठन्त्यामन्या तत्कर्तुमर्हति ।
ब्राह्मणीत्वेव कुर्याद्वा ब्राह्मणस्य युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.८२.३४ ॥
While she is present, another should never perform that duty; or else, O Yudhiṣṭhira, the brahmin's brahmin wife should do it.
13.82.35
अन्नं पानं च माल्यं च वासांस्याभरणानि च ।
ब्राह्मण्यैतानि देयानि भर्तुः सा हि गरीयसी ॥ १३.८२.३५ ॥
Food, drink, garlands, garments and ornaments should be given to the husband by the brahmin wife; she is indeed the more weighty.
13.82.36
मनुनाऽभिहितं शास्त्रं यच्चापि कुरुनन्दन ।
तत्राप्येष महाराज दृष्टो धर्मः सनातनः ॥ १३.८२.३६ ॥
O joy of the Kurus, in the treatise declared by Manu also, O great king, this eternal dharma is seen.
13.82.37
अथ चेदन्यथा कुर्याद्यदि कामाद्युधिष्ठिर ।
यथा ब्राह्मणचाण्डालः पूर्वदृष्टस्तथैव सः ॥ १३.८२.३७ ॥
But if one acts otherwise out of desire, O Yudhiṣṭhira, he becomes just like the brahmin and the outcaste, as seen before.
13.82.38
ब्राह्मण्याः सदृशः पुत्रः क्षत्रियायाश्च यो भवेत् ।
राजन्विशेषो यस्त्वत्र वर्णयोरुभयोरपि ॥ १३.८२.३८ ॥
The son of a brahmin woman may be like the son of a kṣatriya woman; O king, there is also the distinction between the two varṇas here.
13.82.39
न तु जात्या समा लोके ब्राह्मण्याः क्षत्रिया भवेत् ।
ब्राह्मण्याः प्रथमः पुत्रो भूयान्स्याद्राजसत्तम ॥ १३.८२.३९ ॥
But in the world, by birth, a kṣatriya woman cannot become equal to a brahmin woman; the first son of a brahmin woman shall be the greater, O best of kings.
13.82.40
भूयोभूयोपि संहार्यः पितृवित्ताद्युधिष्ठिर ।
यथा न सदृशी जातु ब्राह्मण्याः क्षत्रिया भवेत् ॥ १३.८२.४० ॥
O Yudhiṣṭhira, again and again, a share should be withheld from the father's wealth and the like, so that a kṣatriya woman may never become equal to a brahmin woman.
13.82.41
क्षत्रियायास्तथा वैश्या न जातु सदृशी भवेत् ।
श्रीश्च राज्यं च कोशश्च क्षत्रियाणां युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.८२.४१ ॥
Likewise a vaiśya woman can never become equal to a kṣatriya woman. O Yudhiṣṭhira, prosperity, kingdom and treasury belong to the kṣatriyas.
13.82.42
विहितं दृश्यते राजन्सागरान्तां च मेदिनीम् ।
क्षत्रियो हि स्वधर्मेण श्रियं प्राप्नोति भूयसीम्।
राजा दण्डधरो राजन्रक्षा नान्यत्र क्षत्रियात् ॥ १३.८२.४२ ॥
O king, the earth bounded by the ocean is seen to be prescribed for the kṣatriya; by his own duty a kṣatriya obtains great prosperity. The king bears the rod of punishment; O king, protection comes from no one but the kṣatriya.
13.82.43
ब्राह्मणा हि महाभाग देवानामपि देवताः ।
तेषु राजा प्रवर्तेत पूजया विधिपूर्वकम् ॥ १३.८२.४३ ॥
O greatly fortunate one, brahmins are the gods even of the gods. The king should conduct himself toward them with reverence, according to rule.
13.82.44
प्रणीतमृषिभिर्ज्ञात्वा धर्मं शाश्वतमव्ययम् ।
लुप्यमानं स्वधर्मेण क्षत्रियो रक्षति प्रजाः ॥ १३.८२.४४ ॥
Knowing the eternal and imperishable dharma laid down by the seers, when it is being destroyed through one's own duty, the kṣatriya protects the subjects.
13.82.45
दस्युभिर्ह्रियमाणं च धनं दारांश्च सर्वशः ।
सर्वेषामेव वर्णानां त्राता भवति पार्थिवः ॥ १३.८२.४५ ॥
When wealth and wives are being carried off by robbers on every side, the king alone becomes the protector of all the social classes.
13.82.46
भूयान्स्यात्क्षत्रियापुत्रो वैश्यापुत्रान्न संशयः ।
भूयस्तेनापि हर्तव्यं पितृवित्ताद्युधिष्ठिर ॥ १३.८२.४६ ॥
Without doubt the son of a kṣatriya woman is greater than the son of a vaiśya woman. Yudhiṣṭhira, from him too something should be taken from the paternal wealth.
13.82.47
उक्तं ते विधिवद्राजन्ब्राह्मणस्य पितामह ।
इतरेषां तु वर्णानां कथं वै नियमो भवेत् ॥ १३.८२.४७ ॥
O king, O grandfather, you have told me according to rule about the brahmin. But how would the rule be for the other social classes?
13.82.48
क्षत्रियस्यापि भार्ये द्वे विहिते कुरुनन्दन ।
तृतीया च भवेच्छूद्रा न तु दृष्टा न तु स्मूता ॥ १३.८२.४८ ॥
O delight of the Kurus, for the kṣatriya two wives are prescribed. A third may be a śūdra woman, but she has not been seen, nor is she recorded in the smṛti.
13.82.49
एष एव क्रमो हि स्यात्क्षत्रियाणां युधिष्ठिर ।
अष्टधा तु भवेत्कार्यं क्षत्रियस्वं जनाधिप ॥ १३.८२.४९ ॥
Yudhiṣṭhira, this indeed should be the rule for kṣatriyas. Lord of men, the property of a kṣatriya should be divided into eight parts.
13.82.50
क्षत्रियाया हरेत्पुत्रश्चतुरोंशान्पितुर्धनात् ।
युद्धावहारिकं यच्च पितुः स्वात्स हरेत्तु तत् ॥ १३.८२.५० ॥
The son of a kṣatriya woman should take four shares from his father's wealth. And the spoils of war, being the father's own, he should take.
13.82.51
वैश्यापुत्रस्तु भागांस्त्रीञ्शूद्रापुत्रस्तथाष्टमम् ।
एकैव हि भवेद्भार्या वैश्यस्य कुरुनन्दन। ॥ १३.८२.५१ ॥
The son of a vaiśya woman should take three shares, and likewise the son of a śūdra woman an eighth share. Joy of the Kurus, a vaiśya should have only one wife.
13.82.52
द्वितीया तु भवेच्छूद्रा न तु दृष्टा न तु स्मृता ।
वैश्यस्य वर्तमानस्य वैश्यायां भरतर्षभ। ॥ १३.८२.५२ ॥
A second wife may be a śūdra woman, but she is neither seen nor prescribed in the smṛti. Bull of the Bharatas, while the vaiśya is living, from a vaiśya woman.
13.82.53
शूद्रायां चापि कौन्तेय तयोर्विनियमः स्मृतः ।
पञ्चधा तु भवेत्कार्यं वैश्यस्वं भरतर्षभ। ॥ १३.८२.५३ ॥
Son of Kuntī, the rule for those two is also prescribed in the smṛti for a śūdra woman. Bull of the Bharatas, the property of a vaiśya should be divided into five parts.
13.82.54
तयोरपत्ये वक्ष्यामि विभागं च जनाधिप ।
वैश्यापुत्रेण हर्तव्याश्चत्वारोंशाः पितुर्धनात्। ॥ १३.८२.५४ ॥
I shall tell the division of the offspring of those two. Lord of men, the son of a vaiśya woman should take four shares from his father's wealth.
13.82.55
पञ्चमस्तु स्मृतोः भागः शूद्रापुत्राय भारत ।
सोपि दत्तं हरेत्पित्रा नादत्तं हर्तुमर्हति। ॥ १३.८२.५५ ॥
The fifth share is declared for the son of a Śūdra woman, O Bhārata. He too may take only what the father has given; he is not entitled to take what has not been given.
13.82.56
त्रिमिर्वर्णैः सदा जातः शूद्रो देयधनो भवेत् ॥ १३.८२.५६ ॥
One who is always born of the three classes is a Śūdra; his wealth is to be given (to others).
13.82.57
शूद्रस्य स्यात्सवर्णैव भार्या नान्या कथञ्चन ।
समभागाश्च पुत्राः स्युर्यदि पुत्रशतं भवेत् ॥ १३.८२.५७ ॥
A Śūdra's wife must be of the same class, never another in any way. Even if there are a hundred sons, they shall have equal shares.
13.82.58
जातानां समवर्णायाः पुत्राणामविशेषतः ।
सर्वेषामेव वर्णानां समभागो धनात्स्मृतः ॥ १३.८२.५८ ॥
Among sons born of a woman of the same class there is no distinction; for sons of all the classes, an equal share of the wealth is declared.
13.82.59
ज्येष्ठस्य भागो ज्येष्ठः स्यादेकांशो यः प्रधानतः ।
एष दायविधिः पार्थ पूर्वमुक्तः स्वयंभुवा ॥ १३.८२.५९ ॥
The eldest's share belongs to the eldest, which is chiefly one portion. This rule of inheritance, O Pārtha, was declared long ago by the Self-existent one.
13.82.60
समवर्णासु जातानां विशेषोऽस्त्यपरो नृप ।
विवाहवैशिष्ट्यकृतः पूर्वपूर्वो विशिष्यते ॥ १३.८२.६० ॥
O king, among sons born of women of the same class there is yet another distinction, arising from the distinction of marriage: the son of the earlier-married wife is held superior.
13.82.61
हरेज्ज्येष्ठः प्रधानांशमेकभार्यासुतेष्वपि ।
मध्यमो मध्यमं चैव कनीयांस्तु कनीयसम् ॥ १३.८२.६१ ॥
Even among the sons of one wife, the eldest should take the principal share; the middle son the middle share, and the youngest the youngest share.
13.82.62
एवं जातिषु सर्वासु सवर्णः श्रेष्ठतां गतः ।
महर्षिरपि चैतद्वै मारीचः काश्यपोऽब्रवीत् ॥ १३.८२.६२ ॥
Thus, among all castes, one of the same varṇa attains excellence. The great sage Mārīca Kāśyapa also said this.