Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 14.37
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14.37.1
तदव्यक्तमनुद्रिक्तं सर्वव्यापि ध्रुवं स्थिरम् ।
नवद्वारं पुरं विद्यात्त्रिगुणं पञ्चधातुकम् ॥ १४.३७.१ ॥
That is unmanifest, not excessive, all-pervading, constant and steady. This city of nine gates should be known as made of the three guṇas and the five elements.
14.37.2
एकादशपरिक्षेपं मनोव्याकरणात्मकम् ।
बुद्धिस्वामिकमित्येतत्परमेकादशं भवेत् ॥ १४.३७.२ ॥
Enclosed by eleven walls, having mind and discernment as its nature, with intellect as its master—this should be the supreme eleventh.
14.37.3
त्रीणि स्रोतांसि यान्यस्मिन्नाप्यायन्ते पुनःपुनः ।
प्रनाड्यस्तिस्र एवैताः प्रवर्न्तते गुणात्मिकाः ॥ १४.३७.३ ॥
The three channels in this by which it is nourished again and again—these are the three main conduits, operating with the nature of the guṇas.
14.37.4
तमो रजस्तथा सत्वं गुणानेतान्प्रचक्षते ।
अन्योन्यमिथुनाः सर्वे तथाऽन्योन्यानुजीविनः ॥ १४.३७.४ ॥
Tamas, rajas and sattva—these are called the guṇas. All of them are mutually paired and mutually dependent for their life.
14.37.5
अन्योन्यापाश्रयाश्चापि तथाऽन्योन्यानुवर्तिनः ।
अन्योन्यव्यतिषक्ताश्च त्रिगुणाः पञ्चधातवः ॥ १४.३७.५ ॥
They rest upon one another, follow one another and are intertwined with one another; the five elements, threefold in their guṇas, are likewise.
14.37.6
तमसो मिथुनं सत्वं सत्वस्य मिथुनं रजः ।
रजसश्चापि सत्वं स्यात्सत्वस्य मिथुनं तमः ॥ १४.३७.६ ॥
The counterpart of tamas is sattva; the counterpart of sattva is rajas; and the counterpart of rajas is also sattva, while the counterpart of sattva is tamas.
14.37.7
नियम्यते तमो यत्र रजस्तत्र निवर्तते ।
नियम्यते रजो यत्र सत्वं तत्र प्रवर्तते ॥ १४.३७.७ ॥
Where tamas is restrained, rajas withdraws; where rajas is restrained, sattva comes forth.
14.37.8
नैशात्मकं तमो विद्यात्त्रिगुणं मोहसंज्ञितम् ।
अधर्मलक्षणं चैव नियतं पापकर्मसु।
तामसं रूपमेतत्तु दृश्यते चापि सङ्गतम् ॥ १४.३७.८ ॥
Tamas should be known as of the nature of night, consisting of the three qualities, called delusion; it bears the mark of unrighteousness and abides steadily in evil deeds. This is the form of tamas, and it is indeed seen as fitting.
14.37.9
प्रकृत्यात्मकमेवाहू रजः पर्यायकारकम् ।
सत्त्वे तु सर्वभूतेषु दृश्यमुत्पत्तिलक्षणम् ॥ १४.३७.९ ॥
They say rajas is of the nature of primal matter, causing alternation; but in sattva, among all beings, the mark of origination is seen.
14.37.10
प्रकाशं सर्वभूतेषु लाघवं श्रद्धधानता ।
सात्विकं रूपमेवं तु लाघवं साधुसंमितम् ॥ १४.३७.१० ॥
In all beings there is luminosity, lightness and faith; this is indeed the sāttvika form, and lightness is agreeable to the good.
14.37.11
एतेषां गुणतत्त्वानि वक्ष्यन्ते तत्त्वहेतुभिः ।
समासव्यासयुक्तानि तत्त्वतस्तानि बोधत ॥ १४.३७.११ ॥
The true natures of these qualities will be set forth by reasoners on reality, both in brief and in detail; understand them truly.
14.37.12
सम्मोहो ज्ञानमत्यागः कर्मणामविनिर्णयः ।
स्वप्नः स्तंभो भयं लोभः शोकः सुकृतदूषणम् ॥ १४.३७.१२ ॥
Delusion, abandonment of knowledge, lack of discernment in actions, sleep, torpor, fear, greed, grief, and the spoiling of good deeds.
14.37.13
अस्मृतिश्चाविपाकश्च नास्तिक्यं भिन्नवृत्तिता ।
निर्विशेषत्वमन्धत्वं जघन्यगुणवृत्तिता ॥ १४.३७.१३ ॥
Forgetfulness, immaturity, disbelief, inconsistent conduct, lack of discernment, blindness, and the conduct of base qualities.
14.37.14
अकृते कृतमानित्वमज्ञाने ज्ञानमानिता ।
अमैत्री विकृतो भावो ह्यश्रद्धा मूढभावना ॥ १४.३७.१४ ॥
Pride in having done what was not done, pride in knowledge while in ignorance, unfriendliness, a distorted state, lack of faith, and deluded imagination.
14.37.15
अनार्जवमसंज्ञत्वं कर्म पापमचेतना ।
गुरुत्वं सन्नभावत्वमवशित्वमवाग्गतिः ॥ १४.३७.१५ ॥
Crookedness, lack of awareness, sinful action, insensibility, dullness, a depressed state, helplessness, and a downward course.
14.37.16
सर्व एते गुणा वृत्तास्तामसाः सम्प्रकीर्तिताः ।
ये चान्ये विहिता भावा लोकेऽस्मिन्भावसंज्ञिताः ॥ १४.३७.१६ ॥
All these qualities, and the other states called by the name of 'states' in this world, are declared to be of tamas.
14.37.17
तत्रतत्र नियम्यन्ते सर्वे ते तामसा गुणाः ।
परिवादकथा नित्यं मेवब्राह्मणवैरिता ॥ १४.३७.१७ ॥
All those tamasic qualities are restrained here and there: constant talk of slander, and enmity toward brahmins.
14.37.18
अत्यागश्चातिमानश्च मोहो मन्युस्तथाऽक्षमा ।
मत्सरश्चैव भूतेषु तामसं वृत्तमिष्यते ॥ १४.३७.१८ ॥
Non-renunciation, excessive pride, delusion, anger, likewise impatience and envy toward beings: this is held to be the tamasic conduct.
14.37.19
वृथारम्भा हि ये केचिद्वृथा दानानि यानि च ।
वृथाभक्षणमित्येतत्तामसं वृत्तमिष्यते ॥ १४.३७.१९ ॥
Those who undertake futile enterprises, give futile gifts, and eat in vain—this conduct is said to be of the nature of tamas.
14.37.20
अतिवादोऽतितिक्षा च मात्सर्यमभिमानिता ।
अश्रद्दधानता चैव तामसं वृत्तमिष्यते ॥ १४.३७.२० ॥
Abusive speech, intolerance, envy, arrogance, and lack of faith—these too are said to be conduct of the nature of tamas.
14.37.21
एवंविधाश्च ये केचिल्लोकेऽस्मिन्पापकर्मिणः ।
मनुष्या भिन्नमर्यादास्ते सर्वे तामसाः स्मृताः ॥ १४.३७.२१ ॥
All humans in this world who are of such a kind, doers of evil deeds, who have broken the bounds of propriety, are remembered as tāmasa.
14.37.22
तेषां योनीः प्रवक्ष्यामि नियताः पापकर्मिणाम् ।
अवाङ्निरयभावा ये तिर्यङ्निरयगामिनः। ॥ १४.३७.२२ ॥
I shall declare the fixed births of those doers of evil deeds—those of the nature of the lower hells, who go to the state of animals and to hell.
14.37.23
स्थावराणि च भूतानि पशवो वाहनानि च ।
क्रव्यादा दंदशूकाश्च कृमिकीटविहङ्गमाः ॥ १४.३७.२३ ॥
Immovable beings, cattle and draught animals, flesh-eaters, biting creatures, worms, insects and birds.
14.37.24
अब्जाता जन्तवश्चैव सर्वे चापि चतुष्पदाः ।
उन्मत्ता बधिरा मूका ये चान्ये पापरोगिणः ॥ १४.३७.२४ ॥
Creatures born from water, all quadrupeds, the mad, the deaf, the mute, and others afflicted with the diseases of sin.
14.37.25
मग्नास्तमसि दुर्वृत्ताः स्वकर्मकृतलक्षणाः ।
अवाक्स्रोतस इत्येते मग्नास्तमसि तामसाः ॥ १४.३७.२५ ॥
Sunk in darkness are the evil-doers, marked by the deeds they themselves have done. These, with streams turned downward, are the dark ones, sunk in darkness.
14.37.26
तेषामुत्कर्षमुद्रेकं वक्ष्याम्यहमतः परम् ।
यथा ते सुकृतां लोकाँल्लभन्ते पुण्यकर्मिणः ॥ १४.३७.२६ ॥
Now I shall speak of their ascent and their excellence, how those who perform meritorious deeds obtain the worlds of the well-doers.
14.37.27
अन्यथा प्रतिपन्नास्तु विवृद्धा ये च कर्मसु ।
स्वकर्मनिरतानां च ब्राह्मणानां शुभैषिणाम् ॥ १४.३७.२७ ॥
But those who have fallen into other ways, and those who have grown in their deeds, and the brahmins devoted to their own duties, who desire what is good.
14.37.28
संस्कारेणोर्ध्वमायान्ति यतमानाः सलोकताम् ।
स्वर्गे गच्छन्ति देवानामित्येषा वैदिकी श्रुतिः ॥ १४.३७.२८ ॥
By the purificatory rite they rise upward, striving they attain the state of being in the same world; they go to heaven, to the gods. Thus is this the Vedic revelation.
14.37.29
अन्यथा प्रतिपन्नास्ते विबुद्धाः स्वेषु कर्मसु ।
पुनरावृत्तिधर्माणस्ते भवन्तीह मानुषाः ॥ १४.३७.२९ ॥
Those who have fallen into other ways, though awakened in their own deeds, become human beings here, subject to the law of returning again.
14.37.30
पापयोनिं समापन्नाश्चण्डाला मूकचूचुकाः ।
वर्णान्पर्यायशश्चापि प्राप्नुवन्त्युत्तरोत्तरम् ॥ १४.३७.३० ॥
Those fallen into a sinful birth, the outcastes and the dumb-nippled, obtain in turn the social classes, higher and higher.
14.37.31
शूद्रयोनिमतिक्रम्य ये चान्ये तामसा गुणाः ।
स्रोतोमध्ये समागम्य वर्तन्ते तामसे गुणे ॥ १४.३७.३१ ॥
Having passed beyond the śūdra womb, the other tamasic qualities, coming together in the midst of the stream, abide in the tamasic quality.
14.37.32
अभिष्वङ्गस्तु कामेषु महामोह इति स्मृतः ।
ऋषयो मुनयो देवा मुह्यन्त्यत्र सुखेप्सवः ॥ १४.३७.३२ ॥
Clinging to desires is called great delusion. Sages, ascetics and gods too are deluded here, desiring happiness.
14.37.33
तमोमोहो महामोहस्तामिस्रो ह्यन्धसंज्ञितः ।
मरणं त्वन्धतामिस्रस्तामिस्रः क्रोध उच्यते ॥ १४.३७.३३ ॥
Tamomoha, mahāmoha, tāmisra and what is called andha — death is andhatāmisra; anger is said to be tāmisra.
14.37.34
वर्णतो गुणतश्चैव योनितश्चैव तत्त्वतः ।
सर्वमेततमो विप्राः कीर्तितं वो यथाविधि ॥ १४.३७.३४ ॥
By class, by quality, by birth and in essence — O brāhmaṇas, all this darkness has been declared to you as prescribed.
14.37.35
को न्वेतद्बुध्यते साधु को न्वेतत्साधु पश्यति ।
अतत्त्वे तत्त्वदर्शी यस्तमसस्तच्च लक्षणम् ॥ १४.३७.३५ ॥
Who rightly understands this? Who rightly sees this? He who sees truth in what is not truth — that is the mark of darkness.
14.37.36
तमोगुणा बहुविधाः प्रकीर्तिता ।
यथावदुक्तं च तमः परावरम्।
नरो हि यो वेद गुणानिमान्सदा ।
स तामसैः सर्वगुणैः प्रमुच्यते ॥ १४.३७.३६ ॥
The qualities of darkness have been declared in many kinds, and darkness, higher and lower, has been explained as it is. The man who always knows these qualities is freed from all the tamasic qualities.