Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 14.40
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14.40.1
नैव शक्या गुणा वक्तुं पृथक्त्वेनैव सर्वशः ।
अविच्छिन्नानि दृश्यन्ते रजः सत्वं तमस्तथा ॥ १४.४०.१ ॥
The qualities cannot be fully described one by one, for rajas, sattva and tamas are seen to be inseparable.
14.40.2
अन्योन्यमनुरज्यन्ते ह्यन्योन्येनानुजीविनः ।
अन्योन्यापाश्रयाः सर्वे तथाऽन्योन्यानुवर्तिनः ॥ १४.४०.२ ॥
They cling to one another, live by one another's support; all depend on one another and follow one another.
14.40.3
यावत्सत्वं रजस्तावद्वर्तते नात्र संशयः ।
यावत्तमश्च सत्वं च रजस्तावदिहोच्यते ॥ १४.४०.३ ॥
As long as sattva exists, so long does rajas exist—there is no doubt of this; and as long as tamas and sattva exist, rajas is spoken of here.
14.40.4
संहत्य कुर्वते यात्रां सहिताः सङ्घचारिणः ।
सङ्घातवृत्तयो ह्येते वर्तन्ते हेत्वहेतुभिः ॥ १४.४०.४ ॥
Coming together and moving as companions, these undertake their course; aggregation is their mode, and they act through both cause and absence of cause.
14.40.5
उद्रेकव्यतिरिक्तानां तेषामन्योन्यवर्तिनाम् ।
वक्ष्यते तद्यथाऽन्यूनं व्यतिरिक्तं च सर्वशः ॥ १४.४०.५ ॥
Concerning those qualities, distinguished by their predominance and by their distinction, which act upon one another, it will be explained how they are neither deficient but are fully distinct in every way.
14.40.6
व्यतिरिक्तं तमो यत्र तिर्यग्भावगतं भवेत् ।
अल्पं तत्रथ रजो ज्ञेयं सत्वमल्पतरं तथा ॥ १४.४०.६ ॥
Where tamas, distinguished and gone into a transverse state, is present, rajas should be known to be small, and sattva smaller still.
14.40.7
उद्रिक्तं च रजो यत्र मध्यस्रोतोगतं भवेत् ।
अल्पं तत्र तमो ज्ञेयं सत्वमल्पतरं तथा ॥ १४.४०.७ ॥
Where rajas grows strong and has gone into the middle stream, tamas should be known to be little, and sattva even less.
14.40.8
उद्रिक्तं च यदा सत्वमूर्ध्वस्रोतोगतं भवेत् ।
अल्पं तत्र तमो ज्ञेयं रजश्चाल्पतरं तथा ॥ १४.४०.८ ॥
When sattva grows strong and has gone into the upward stream, tamas should be known to be little there, and rajas even less.
14.40.9
सत्वं वैकारिकी योनिरिन्द्रियाणां प्रकाशिका ।
न हि सत्वात्परो भावः कश्चिदन्यो विधीयते ॥ १४.४०.९ ॥
Sattva is the womb of transformations and the illuminer of the senses; no other state higher than sattva is prescribed.
14.40.10
ऊर्ध्वं गच्छन्ति सत्वस्था मध्ये तिष्ठन्ति राजसाः ।
जघन्यगुणसंयुक्ता यान्त्यधस्तामसा जनाः ॥ १४.४०.१० ॥
Those established in sattva go upward, those of rajas remain in the middle, and those of tamas, joined to the lowest qualities, go downward.
14.40.11
तमः शूद्रे रजः क्षत्रे ब्राह्मणे सत्वमुत्तमम् ।
इत्येवं त्रिषु वर्णेषु विवर्तन्ते गुणास्त्रयः ॥ १४.४०.११ ॥
Tamas is in the śūdra, rajas in the kṣatriya, and supreme sattva in the brāhmaṇa; thus the three qualities manifest across the three classes.
14.40.12
दूरादपि हि दृश्यनते सहिताः सङ्घचारिणः ।
तमः सत्वं रजश्चैव पृथक्त्वेनानुशुश्रुम ॥ १४.४०.१२ ॥
Even from afar, those moving together in a group are seen; we have heard of tamas, sattva and rajas as separate.
14.40.13
दृष्ट्वा त्वादित्यमुद्यन्तं कुचोराणां भयं भवेत् ।
अध्वगाः परितप्येयुरुष्णतो दुःखभागिनः ॥ १४.४०.१३ ॥
Seeing the sun rising, thieves are afraid, and travellers, scorched by the heat, come to share in suffering.
14.40.14
आदित्यः सत्वमुद्दिष्टः कुचोरास्तु तथा तमः ।
परितापोऽध्वगानां च रजसो गुण उच्यते ॥ १४.४०.१४ ॥
The sun is declared to be of the nature of sattva, and thieves likewise of tamas; the distress of travellers is said to be a quality of rajas.
14.40.15
प्राकाश्यं सत्वमादित्यः संतापो रजसो गुणः ।
उपप्लवस्तु विज्ञेयस्तामसस्तस्य पर्वसु ॥ १४.४०.१५ ॥
Brightness is the quality of sattva, which the sun possesses; heat is the quality of rajas; and eclipse, which occurs in its phases, is to be understood as the quality of tamas.
14.40.16
एवं ज्योतिष्षु सर्वेषु प्रवर्तन्ते गुणास्त्रयः ।
पर्यायेण च वर्न्तते तत्रतत्र तथातथा ॥ १४.४०.१६ ॥
In this way the three qualities arise in all the luminaries; in turn they operate here and there, each in its own manner.
14.40.17
स्थावरेषु तु भावेषु तिर्यग्भावगतं तमः ।
राजसास्तु विवर्तन्ते स्नेहभावस्तु सात्विकैः ॥ १४.४०.१७ ॥
In immovable things the tamas takes on the nature of the lower animals; the rajasic turn and revolve, while the feeling of affection arises through the sattvic.
14.40.18
अहस्त्रिधा तु विज्ञेयं त्रिधा रात्रिर्विधीयते ।
मासार्दमासवर्षाणि ऋतवः सन्धयस्तथा ॥ १४.४०.१८ ॥
The day is to be known as threefold, and the night is ordained as threefold; months, half-months, years, seasons and junctures are likewise divisions of time.
14.40.19
त्रिधा दानानि दीयन्ते त्रिधा यज्ञः प्रवर्तते ।
त्रिधा लोकास्त्रिधा देवास्त्रिधा विद्यास्त्रिधा गतिः ॥ १४.४०.१९ ॥
Gifts are given in three ways, and sacrifice proceeds in three ways. The worlds are threefold, the gods are threefold, the knowledges are threefold, and the course is threefold.
14.40.20
भूतं भव्यं भविष्यं च धर्मोऽर्थः काम एव च ।
प्राणापानावुदानश्चाप्येत एव त्रयो गुणाः ॥ १४.४०.२० ॥
Past, present and future; dharma, wealth and desire; and the inbreath, outbreath and upward breath — these are the three qualities.
14.40.21
पर्यायेण प्रवर्तन्ते तत्रतत्र तथातथा ।
यत्किञ्चिदिह लोकेऽस्मिन्सर्वमेते त्रयो गुणाः ॥ १४.४०.२१ ॥
In turn they operate, here and there, each in its own way; whatever exists in this world, all of it is these three qualities.
14.40.22
त्रयो गुणाः प्रवर्तन्ते ह्यव्यक्ता नित्यमेव तु ।
सत्वं रजस्तमश्चैव गुणसर्गः सनातनः ॥ १४.४०.२२ ॥
The three qualities always operate unmanifest. Sattva, rajas and tamas — the creation of the qualities is eternal.
14.40.23
तमोऽव्यक्तं शिवं धाम रजो योनिः सनातनः ।
प्रकृतिर्विकारः प्रलयः प्रधानं प्रभवाप्ययौ ॥ १४.४०.२३ ॥
Tamas is the unmanifest, the abode of Śiva; rajas is the eternal womb. Prakṛti, modification, dissolution, the chief principle — these are origin and ending.
14.40.24
अनुद्रिक्तमनूनं वाऽप्यकम्पमचलं ध्रुवम् ।
सदसच्चैव तत्सर्वमव्यक्तं त्रिगुणं स्मृतम्।
ज्ञेयानि नामधेयानि नरैरद्यात्मचिन्तकैः ॥ १४.४०.२४ ॥
Neither excess nor deficiency, unshaking, immovable, fixed; being and non-being as well — all of that is recalled as unmanifest and threefold-qualitied. Its names are to be known today by men who reflect on the self.
14.40.25
अव्यक्तनामानि गुणांश्च तत्त्वतो ।
यो वेद सर्वाणि गतीश्च केवलाः।
विमुक्तदेहः प्रविभागतत्त्ववि-
त्स मुच्यते सर्वगुणैर्निरामयः ॥ १४.४०.२५ ॥
He who truly knows the names and qualities of the Unmanifest, and knows all the paths purely, freed from the body and knowing the true nature of distinction, is liberated from all qualities, free from disease.