Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 14.43
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14.43.1
मनुष्याणां तु राज्यः क्षत्रियो मध्यमो गुणः ।
कुञ्जरो वाहनानां च सिंहश्चारण्यवासिनाम् ॥ १४.४३.१ ॥
Among men the king is the kṣatriya, of middling quality; among vehicles the elephant, and among forest-dwellers the lion.
14.43.2
अविः पशूनां सर्वेषामहिस्तु बिलवासिनाम् ।
गवां गोवृषभश्चैव स्त्रीणां पुरुष एव च ॥ १४.४३.२ ॥
Among all animals the ram, and among burrow-dwellers the snake; among cows the bull, and among women the man.
14.43.3
न्यग्रोधो जम्बुवृक्षश्च पिप्पलः शाल्मलिस्तथा ।
शिंशपा मेषशृङ्गश्च तथा कीचकवेणवः ॥ १४.४३.३ ॥
The banyan, the jambu tree, the peepal, and likewise the silk-cotton tree, the śiṃśapā, the ram's-horn tree, and the hollow bamboos.
14.43.4
एते द्रुमाणां राजानो गणानां मरुतस्तथा ।
हिमवान्पारियात्रश्च सह्यो विन्ध्यस्त्रिकूटवान् ॥ १४.४३.४ ॥
These are the kings of trees; and of the hosts, the Maruts; likewise the Himālaya, the Pāriyātra, the Sahya, the Vindhya, and the Trikūṭa.
14.43.5
श्वेतो नीलश्च भासश्च राष्ट्रवांश्चैव पर्वतः ।
भृशस्कन्धो महेन्द्रश्च माल्यवान्पर्वतस्तथा ॥ १४.४३.५ ॥
White, Nīla, Bhāsa, and the mountain Rāṣṭravān; likewise the mountains Bhṛśaskandha, Mahendra, and Mālyavān.
14.43.6
एते पर्वतराजानो गणानां मरुतस्तथा ।
सूर्यो ग्रहाणामधिपो नक्षत्राणां च चन्द्रमाः ॥ १४.४३.६ ॥
These are the kings of mountains; and of the hosts, the Maruts; likewise the sun is lord of the planets, and the moon of the constellations.
14.43.7
यमः पितॄणामधिपः सरितामथ सागरः ।
अंभसां वरुणो राजा मरुतामिन्द्र उच्यते ॥ १४.४३.७ ॥
Yama is lord of the ancestors, and the ocean is lord of rivers. Varuṇa is the king of waters, and Indra is called lord of the Maruts.
14.43.8
अर्कोऽधिपतिरुष्णानां ज्योतिषामिन्दुरुच्यते ।
अग्निर्भूतपतिर्नित्यं ब्राह्मणानां बृहस्पतिः ॥ १४.४३.८ ॥
The sun is lord of hot things, and the moon is called lord of lights. Agni is always lord of beings, and Bṛhaspati is lord of brahmins.
14.43.9
ओषधीनां पतिः सोमो विष्णुर्बलवतां वरः ।
त्वष्टाऽधिनां पतिः सोमो विष्णुर्बलवतां वरः। ॥ १४.४३.९ ॥
Soma is lord of herbs, and Viṣṇu is the best of the mighty. Tvaṣṭṛ is lord of the wealthy; Soma too is lord of the wealthy; and Viṣṇu is the best of the mighty.
14.43.10
दक्षिणानां तथा यज्ञो वेदानामृच एव च ।
दिशामुदीची विप्राणां सोमो राजा प्रतापवान् ॥ १४.४३.१० ॥
Sacrifice is lord of sacrificial fees, and the ṛk verses are lord of the Vedas. The north is lord of directions, and Soma, the mighty king, is lord of brahmins.
14.43.11
कुबेरः सर्वरत्नानां देवतानां पुरंदरः ।
एष भूताधिपः सर्गः प्रजानां च प्रजापतिः ॥ १४.४३.११ ॥
Kubera is lord of all jewels, and Purandara (Indra) is lord of the gods. This creation is lord of beings, and Prajāpati is lord of creatures.
14.43.12
सर्वेषामेव भूतानामहं ब्रह्ममयो महान् ।
भूतं परतरं मत्तो विष्णोर्वाऽपि न विद्यते ॥ १४.४३.१२ ॥
I, great and made of Brahman, am the foundation of all beings. No being is found higher than me, or even than Viṣṇu.
14.43.13
राजाधिराजः सर्वेषां विष्णुर्ब्रह्ममयो महान् ।
ईश्वरं तं विजानीमः स विभुः स प्रजापतिः ॥ १४.४३.१३ ॥
Viṣṇu, king of kings of all, great and made of Brahman, him we know as the Lord. He is all-pervading, and he is the lord of creatures.
14.43.14
नरकिन्नरयक्षाणां गन्धर्वोरगरक्षसाम् ।
देवदानवनागानां सर्वेषामीश्वरो हि सः ॥ १४.४३.१४ ॥
He is the lord of all: of men, kinnaras, yakṣas, gandharvas, serpents, rākṣasas, gods, dānavas and nāgas.
14.43.15
भगदेवानुयातानां सर्वासां वामलोचना ।
माहेश्वरी महादेवी प्रोच्यते पार्वती हि सा ॥ १४.४३.१५ ॥
Among all women who follow the goddess Bhaga, she with lovely eyes is called Māheśvarī, the great goddess; she is indeed Pārvatī.
14.43.16
उमां देवीं विजानीध्वं नारीणामुत्तमां शुभाम् ।
रतीनां वसुमत्यस्तु स्त्रीणामप्सरसस्तथा ॥ १४.४३.१६ ॥
Know the goddess Umā to be the foremost and auspicious among women; among the pleasure-goddesses are the Vasumatīs, and among women likewise the apsarases.
14.43.17
धर्मिकामाश्च राजानो ब्राह्मणा धर्मसेतवः ।
तस्माद्राजा द्विजातीनां प्रयतेतेह रक्षणे ॥ १४.४३.१७ ॥
Kings and brahmins who desire dharma are the bridges of dharma; therefore a king should strive here in protecting the twice-born.
14.43.18
राज्ञां हि विषये येषामवसीदन्ति साधवः ।
हीनास्ते स्वगुणैः सर्वैः प्रेत्यावाङ्मार्गगामिनः ॥ १४.४३.१८ ॥
Those kings in whose realm the virtuous suffer, deprived of all their own virtues, go after death along the downward path.
14.43.19
राज्ञां हि विषये येषां साधवः परिरक्षिताः ।
तेऽस्मिँल्लोके प्रमोदन्ते प्रेत्य चानन्दमेव च ॥ १४.४३.१९ ॥
In whose realms the righteous are protected, kings rejoice in this world, and after death they attain bliss indeed.
14.43.20
प्राप्नुवन्ति महात्मान इति वित्त द्विजर्षभाः ।
अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि नियतं धर्मलक्षणम् ॥ १४.४३.२० ॥
Know, O best of the twice-born, that great-souled ones attain such fruit. Hereafter I shall declare the fixed marks of dharma.
14.43.21
अहिंसालक्षणो धर्मो हिंसा चाधर्मलक्षणा ।
प्रकाशलक्षणा देवा मनुष्याः कर्मलक्षणाः ॥ १४.४३.२१ ॥
Non-violence is the mark of dharma, and violence is the mark of adharma. The gods are marked by radiance, and humans by action.
14.43.22
शब्दलक्षणमाकाशं वायुस्तु स्पर्शलक्षणः ।
ज्योतिषां लक्षणं रूपमापश्च रसलक्षणाः ॥ १४.४३.२२ ॥
The mark of space is sound, and the mark of air is touch. The mark of luminous things is form, and the mark of waters is taste.
14.43.23
धारिणी सर्वभूतानां पृथिवी गन्धलक्षणा ।
स्वरव्यञ्जनसंस्कारा भारती शब्दलक्षणा ॥ १४.४३.२३ ॥
The earth, supporter of all beings, is marked by smell. Speech, refined by vowels and consonants, is marked by sound.
14.43.24
मनसो लक्षणं चिन्ता तथोक्ता बुद्धिरन्वयात् ।
मनसा चिन्तितानर्थान्बुद्ध्या चेह व्यवस्यति ॥ १४.४३.२४ ॥
The mark of the mind is thought, and likewise intellect is declared a mark by inference. What the mind has thought of, the intellect here determines.
14.43.25
बुद्धिर्हि व्यवसायेन लक्ष्यते नात्र संशयः ।
लक्षणं मनसो ध्यानमव्यक्तं साधुलक्षणम् ॥ १४.४३.२५ ॥
Without doubt, intellect is recognized by firm resolve. The mark of the mind is meditation, which is unmanifest and is the mark of the good.
14.43.26
प्रवृत्तिलक्षणो योगो ज्ञानं संन्यासलक्षणम् ।
तस्माज्ज्ञानं पुरस्कृत्य संन्यसेदिह बुद्धिमान् ॥ १४.४३.२६ ॥
Yoga is marked by active engagement, and knowledge is the mark of renunciation. Therefore the wise man, placing knowledge foremost, should renounce here.
14.43.27
संन्यासी ज्ञानसंयुक्तः प्राप्नोति परमां गतिम् ।
अतीतो द्वन्द्वमभ्येति तमोमृत्युजरातिगः ॥ १४.४३.२७ ॥
The renunciant endowed with knowledge attains the supreme goal. Passing beyond the pairs of opposites, he reaches it, having gone beyond darkness, death and old age.
14.43.28
धर्मलक्षणसंयुक्तमुक्तं वो विधिवन्मया ।
गुणानां ग्रहणं सम्यग्वक्ष्याम्यहमतः परम् ॥ १४.४३.२८ ॥
I have duly declared to you what is endowed with the marks of dharma. Now I shall fully explain the apprehension of the qualities.
14.43.29
पार्तिवो यस्तु गन्धो वै घ्राणेन हि स गृह्यते ।
प्राणस्यश्च तथा वायुर्गन्धज्ञाने विधीयते ॥ १४.४३.२९ ॥
The earthly smell is indeed perceived by the nose. And the vital breath and air likewise are ordained for the knowledge of smell.
14.43.30
अपां धातू रसो नित्यं जिह्वया स तु गृह्यते ।
जिह्वास्थश्च तथा सोमो रसज्ञाने विधीयते ॥ १४.४३.३० ॥
The taste, the element of waters, is always perceived by the tongue. And Soma, situated in the tongue, is likewise ordained for the knowledge of taste.
14.43.31
तेजसस्तु गुणो रूपं चक्षुषा तच्च गृह्यते ।
चक्षुःस्थश्च ततादित्यो रूपज्ञाने विधीयते ॥ १४.४३.३१ ॥
The quality of fire is form, which is apprehended by the eye. Āditya (the sun), abiding in the eye, is appointed for the knowledge of form.
14.43.32
वायव्यस्तु सदा स्पर्शस्त्वचा प्रज्ञायते च सः ।
त्वक्स्थश्चैव सदा वायुः स्पर्सने स विधीयते ॥ १४.४३.३२ ॥
The quality of air is always touch, which is perceived by the skin. Air, always abiding in the skin, is appointed for the knowledge of touch.
14.43.33
आकाशस्य गुणो घोषः श्रोत्रेण च स गृह्यते ।
श्रोत्रस्थाश्च दिशः सर्वाः शब्दज्ञाने प्रकीर्तिताः ॥ १४.४३.३३ ॥
The quality of space is sound, which is apprehended by the ear. All the quarters, abiding in the ear, are declared to be for the knowledge of sound.
14.43.34
मनसश्च गुणश्चिन्ता प्रज्ञया स तु गृह्यते ।
हृदिस्थश्चेतनो धातुर्मनोज्ञाने विधीयते ॥ १४.४३.३४ ॥
The quality of mind is thought, which is apprehended by discernment. The conscious element abiding in the heart is appointed for the knowledge of mind.
14.43.35
बुद्धिरध्यवसायेन ध्यानेन च महांस्तथा ।
निश्चित्य ग्रहणाद्व्यक्तमव्यक्तं नात्र संशयः ॥ १४.४३.३५ ॥
Intellect is known by determination and by meditation, and likewise the Great one. Having ascertained by apprehension, the manifest and the unmanifest are known; of this there is no doubt.
14.43.36
अलिङ्गग्रहणो नित्यः क्षेत्रज्ञो निर्गुणात्मकः ।
तस्मादलिङ्गः क्षेत्रज्ञः केवलं ज्ञानलक्षणः ॥ १४.४३.३६ ॥
The knower of the field, not apprehended by any mark, is eternal and of a nature without qualities. Therefore the knower of the field is without mark, characterised solely by knowledge.
14.43.37
अव्यक्तं क्षेत्रमुद्दिष्टं गुणानां प्रभवाप्ययम् ।
सदा पश्याम्यहं लीनं विजानामि शृणोमि च ॥ १४.४३.३७ ॥
The unmanifest is declared to be the field, the source and dissolution of the qualities. I always see, know and hear that which is absorbed in it.
14.43.38
पुरुषस्तद्विजानीते तस्मात्क्षेत्रज्ञ उच्यते ।
गुणवृत्तं तथा कृत्स्नं क्षेत्रज्ञः परिपश्यति ॥ १४.४३.३८ ॥
The person knows that; therefore he is called the knower of the field. The knower of the field fully perceives the whole activity of the qualities.
14.43.39
आदिमद्यावसानं तत्सृज्यमानमचेतनम् ।
न गुणा विदुरात्मानं सृज्यमानाः पुनःपुनः ॥ १४.४३.३९ ॥
That, having beginning and end, being created, is unconscious. The qualities, being created again and again, do not know the self.
14.43.40
न सत्यं वेद वै कश्चित्क्षेत्रज्ञस्त्वेव विन्दति ।
गुणानां गुणभूतानां यत्परं परतो महत् ॥ १४.४३.४० ॥
No one truly knows the truth; yet the knower of the field attains it. That which is supreme and great, beyond the qualities and the things made of qualities.
14.43.41
तस्माद्गुणांश्च तत्वं च परित्यज्येह तत्ववित् ।
क्षीणदोषो गुणान्हित्वा क्षेत्रज्ञं प्रविशत्यथ ॥ १४.४३.४१ ॥
Therefore, here, the knower of truth, having abandoned the qualities and the principles, his faults worn away, leaving the qualities behind, then enters the knower of the field.
14.43.42
निर्द्वन्द्वो निर्नमस्कारो निःस्वधाकार एव च ।
अचलश्चानिकेतश्च क्षेत्रज्ञः स परो विधिः ॥ १४.४३.४२ ॥
Free from pairs of opposites, without salutation or the svadhā offering, unmoving and homeless: he is the knower of the field, that is the supreme rule.