Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 14.50
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14.50.1
हन्त वः सम्प्रक्ष्यामि यन्मां पृच्छथ सत्तमाः ।
गुरुणा शिष्यमासाद्य यदुक्तं तन्निबोधत ॥ १४.५०.१ ॥
Now I shall explain fully to you, best of the good, what you ask me. Understand what the teacher said when he approached his disciple.
14.50.2
समस्तमिह तच्छ्रुत्वा सम्यगेवावधार्यताम् ।
अहिंसा सर्वभूतानामेतत्कृत्यतमं मतम् ॥ १४.५०.२ ॥
Having heard all of this here, let it be rightly grasped. Non-violence toward all beings is held to be the most important duty.
14.50.3
एतत्पदमनुद्विग्नं वरिष्ठं धर्मलक्षणम् ।
ज्ञानं निःश्रेय इत्याहुर्वृद्धा निश्चितदर्शिनः।
तस्माज्ज्ञानेन शुद्धेन मुच्यते सर्वकिल्बिषैः ॥ १४.५०.३ ॥
This state is free from agitation, the most excellent, marked by dharma. The elders who see with certainty call knowledge the highest good. Therefore by pure knowledge one is freed from all faults.
14.50.4
हिंसापराश्च ये केचिद्ये च नास्तिकवृत्तयः ।
लोभमोहसमायुक्तास्ते वै निरयगामिनः ॥ १४.५०.४ ॥
Those who are devoted to violence, and those of atheistic conduct, endowed with greed and delusion, indeed go to hell.
14.50.5
आशीर्युक्तानि कर्माणि कुर्वते ये त्वतन्द्रिताः ।
तेऽस्मिन्लोके प्रमोदन्ते जायमानाः पुनः पुनः ॥ १४.५०.५ ॥
Those who diligently perform actions tied to the desire for fruits rejoice in this world, being born again and again.
14.50.6
कुर्वते ये तु कर्माणि श्रद्धधाना विपश्चितः ।
अनाशीर्योगसंयुक्तास्ते धीराः साधुदर्शिनः ॥ १४.५०.६ ॥
But those wise ones who perform actions with faith, joined to yoga without desire for fruits, are steadfast and see rightly.
14.50.7
अतः परं प्रवक्ष्यामि सत्वक्षेत्रज्ञयोर्यथा ।
संयोगो विप्रयोगश्च तन्निबोधत सत्तमाः ॥ १४.५०.७ ॥
Now I shall declare how sattva and the knower of the field are joined and separated; understand this, O best of the good.
14.50.8
विषयो विषयित्वं च सम्बन्धोऽयमिहोच्यते ।
विषयी पुरुषो नित्यं सत्वं च विषयः स्मृतः ॥ १४.५०.८ ॥
Here the relation between object and the state of being an object is spoken of: the person is always the experiencer, and sattva is remembered as the object.
14.50.9
व्याख्यातं पूर्वकल्पेनि मशकोदुम्बरं यथा ।
भुज्यमानं न जानीते नित्यं सत्वमचेतनम्।
यस्त्वेवं तं विजानीते यो भुङ्क्ते यश्च भुज्यते ॥ १४.५०.९ ॥
In an earlier cycle this was explained by the image of the gnat and the fig: sattva, though being enjoyed, is always unconscious and does not know; but he who knows it thus is the enjoyer, and he too is the enjoyed.
14.50.10
अनित्यं द्वन्द्वसंयुक्तं सत्वमाहुर्मनीषिणः ।
निर्द्वन्द्वो निष्कलो नित्यः क्षेत्रज्ञो निर्गुणात्मकः ॥ १४.५०.१० ॥
The wise call sattva impermanent and bound to the pairs of opposites; the knower of the field is free from the pairs, partless, eternal, and of a nature beyond the guṇas.
14.50.11
समः संज्ञानुगश्चैव स सर्वत्र व्यवस्थितः ।
न सज्जते सदा सत्वमापः पुष्करपर्णवत् ॥ १४.५०.११ ॥
He is even-minded, follows perception, and abides everywhere; sattva never clings, just as water does not cling to a lotus leaf.
14.50.12
सर्वैरपि गुणैर्विद्वान्व्यतिषक्तो न लिप्यते ।
जलबिन्दुर्यथा लोलः पद्मिनीपत्रसंस्थितः ॥ १४.५०.१२ ॥
The wise man, though mixed with all the guṇas, is not stained, like a trembling drop of water resting on a lotus leaf.
14.50.13
एवमेवाप्यसंयुक्तः पुरुषः स्यान्न संशयः ।
द्रव्यमात्रमभूत्सत्वं पुरुषस्येति निश्चयः ॥ १४.५०.१३ ॥
Thus too the unattached person becomes so; there is no doubt. The essence of the person has become mere substance; this is the conclusion.
14.50.14
यथा द्रव्यं च कर्ता च संयोगोऽप्यनयोस्तथा ।
यथा प्रदीपमादाय कश्चित्तमसि गच्छति।
तथा सत्त्वप्रदीपेन गच्छन्ति परमर्षयः ॥ १४.५०.१४ ॥
As substance and agent and their union are, so too. As someone takes a lamp and goes into darkness, so the supreme sages go by the lamp of essence.
14.50.15
यावद्द्रव्यं गुणस्तावत्प्रदीपः सम्प्रकाशते ।
क्षीणे द्रव्ये गुणे ज्योतिरन्तर्धानाय गच्छति ॥ १४.५०.१५ ॥
As long as the substance and its quality last, the lamp shines forth. When the substance and quality are spent, the light goes into disappearance.
14.50.16
व्यक्तः सत्वगुणस्त्वेवं पुरुषो द्रव्यमुच्यते ।
एतद्विप्रा विजानीत हन्त भूयो ब्रवीमि वः ॥ १४.५०.१६ ॥
The manifest quality of essence is thus called the person as substance. O brahmins, know this; come, I tell you again.
14.50.17
सहस्रेणापि दुर्मेधा न बुद्धिमधिगच्छति ।
चतुर्थेनाप्यथांशेन बुद्धिमान्सुखमेधते ॥ १४.५०.१७ ॥
Even by a thousand (lessons) the dull-witted does not attain understanding; by a fourth part of that the wise man prospers in happiness.
14.50.18
एवं धर्मस्य विज्ञेयं संसाधनमुपायतः ।
उपायज्ञो हि मेधावी सुखमत्यन्तमश्नुते ॥ १४.५०.१८ ॥
Thus the means to dharma must be known through method; the wise man who knows the method attains supreme happiness.
14.50.19
यथाऽध्वानमपाथेयः प्रपन्नो मनुजः क्वचित् ।
क्लेशेन याति महता विनश्यत्यन्तराऽपि च ॥ १४.५०.१९ ॥
As a man who sets out on a road somewhere without provisions travels with great hardship and may perish along the way,
14.50.20
तथा कर्मसु विज्ञेयं फलं भवति वा न वा ।
पुरुषस्यात्मनिःश्रेयः शुभाशुभनिदर्शनम् ॥ १४.५०.२० ॥
So in actions one must understand whether fruit will come or not; a person's own highest good is indicated by signs of good and evil.
14.50.21
यथा च दीर्घमध्वानं पद्म्यामेव प्रपद्यते ।
अदृष्टपूर्वं सहसा तत्त्वदर्शनवर्जितः ॥ १४.५०.२१ ॥
And just as a man on foot suddenly sets out on a long road never seen before, so does one who lacks the vision of truth.
14.50.22
तमेव च यथाऽध्वानं रथेनेहाशुगामिना ।
गच्छत्यश्वप्रयुक्तेन तथा बुद्धिमतां गतिः ॥ १४.५०.२२ ॥
And just as a man traverses that same road in a chariot yoked to swift horses, so is the course of the wise.
14.50.23
ऊर्ध्वं पर्वतमारुह्य नान्ववेक्षेत भूतलम् ।
रथेन रथिनं पश्येत्क्लिश्यमानमचेतनम् ॥ १४.५०.२३ ॥
Having climbed the mountain, one should not look down at the earth; from the chariot one should see the charioteer, troubled and unconscious.
14.50.24
यावद्रथपथस्तावद्रथेन स तु गच्छति ।
क्षीणे रथपदे विद्वान्रथमुत्सृज्य गच्छति ॥ १४.५०.२४ ॥
As long as there is a chariot road, he goes by chariot; but when the chariot path is exhausted, the wise man abandons the chariot and goes on.
14.50.25
एवं गच्छति मेधावी तत्त्वयोगविधानवित् ।
परिज्ञाय गुणज्ञश्च उत्तरादुत्तरोत्तरम् ॥ १४.५०.२५ ॥
Thus the wise one, knowing the rule of the yoga of truth, having fully understood the qualities, goes from one higher stage to the next.
14.50.26
यथाऽर्णवं महाघोरमप्लवः सम्प्रगाहते ।
बाहुभ्यामेव सम्मोहाद्वधं वाञ्छत्यसंशयम् ॥ १४.५०.२६ ॥
As one without a boat, out of delusion, plunges into the very terrible ocean with his arms alone, he surely desires death, without doubt.
14.50.27
नावा चापि यथा प्राज्ञो विभागज्ञः स्वरित्रया ।
अश्रान्तः सलिलं गहाच्छीध्रं संतरते ह्रदम् ॥ १४.५०.२७ ॥
As the wise man who knows the divisions crosses deep water swiftly, untiring, with a boat and its good oar, so he crosses the pool.
14.50.28
तीर्णो गच्छेत्परं पारं नावमुत्सृज्य निर्ममः ।
व्याख्यातं पूर्वकल्पेन यथा रथपदातिनोः ॥ १४.५०.२८ ॥
Having crossed over, abandoning the boat and free from attachment, one should go to the far shore, as has been explained in the earlier account concerning the chariot-warrior and the foot-soldier.
14.50.29
स्नेहात्सम्मोहमापन्नो नावि दाशो यथा तथा ।
ममत्वेनाभिभूतः संस्तत्रैव परिवर्तते ॥ १४.५०.२९ ॥
Fallen into delusion out of affection, like the boatman in the boat, overpowered by a sense of 'mine', he keeps circling right there.
14.50.30
नावं न शक्यमारुह्य स्थले विपरिवर्तितुम् ।
तथैव रथमारुह्य नाप्सु चर्या विधीयते ॥ १४.५०.३० ॥
One cannot mount a boat and then move about on land; likewise, one who has mounted a chariot is not prescribed to travel in water.
14.50.31
एवं कर्म कृतं वित्त विषयस्थं पृथक्पृथक् ।
यथा कर्म कृतं लोके तथा तदुपपद्यते ॥ १४.५०.३१ ॥
Thus, know that the deed done, abiding in its objects, is distinct each in its own way. As deed is done in the world, so it comes to pass.
14.50.32
यन्नैव गन्धि नो रस्यं न रूपस्पर्सशब्दवत् ।
मन्यते न मनो बुद्ध्या तत्प्रधानं प्रचक्षते ॥ १४.५०.३२ ॥
That which has no smell, nor taste, nor form, touch, or sound, and which the mind does not conceive by the intellect—that is called the primary principle (pradhāna).
14.50.33
तत्र प्रधानमव्यक्तमव्यक्तस्य गुणो महान् ।
महप्रधानभूतस्य गुणोऽहङ्कार एव च ॥ १४.५०.३३ ॥
Here the primary principle is the unmanifest; the quality of the unmanifest is the great (mahat). And the quality of that which is the great primary principle is egoism (ahaṅkāra).
14.50.34
अहङ्कारात्तु सम्भूतो महाभूतकृतो गुणः ।
पृथक्त्वेन हि भूतानां विषया वै गुणाःस्मृताः ॥ १४.५०.३४ ॥
The quality arising from egoism, produced by the great elements—for beings, the objects and qualities are recalled as distinct, each one by itself.
14.50.35
बीजधर्मं यथाऽव्यक्तं तथैव प्रसवात्मकम् ।
बीजधर्मा महानात्मा प्रसवश्चेति नः श्रुतम् ॥ १४.५०.३५ ॥
As the unmanifest has the nature of a seed, so it has the nature of issuing forth. The great self (mahān ātman) has the nature of a seed, and its issuing forth is likewise—so we have heard.
14.50.36
बीजधर्मात्साहङ्कारात्प्रसवश्च पुनःपुनः ।
बीजप्रसवधर्माणि महाभूतानि पञ्च वै ॥ १४.५०.३६ ॥
From the nature of a seed, together with egoism, issuing forth occurs again and again; the five great elements, having the nature of seed and of issuing forth, are these.
14.50.37
बीजधर्मिण इत्याहुः प्रसवं च प्रकुर्वते ।
विशेषाः पञ्चभूतानां तेषां वित्त विशेषणम् ॥ १४.५०.३७ ॥
They are said to have the nature of seed, and they also produce generation. The five elements have distinct characteristics; know their distinguishing mark.
14.50.38
तत्रैकगुणमाकाशं द्विगुणो वायुरुच्यते ।
त्रिगुणं ज्योतिरित्याहुरापश्चापि चतुर्गुणाः ॥ १४.५०.३८ ॥
Among these, space is said to have one quality, air is said to have two; fire, they say, has three, and water too has four.
14.50.39
पृथ्वी पञ्चगुणा ज्ञेया चरस्थावरसङ्कुला ।
सर्वभूतकरी देवी शुभाशुभनिदर्शिनी ॥ १४.५०.३९ ॥
The earth should be known as having five qualities, filled with moving and unmoving beings. The goddess who creates all beings, who reveals the auspicious and the inauspicious.
14.50.40
शब्दः स्पर्शस्तथा रूपं रसो गन्धश्च पञ्चमः ।
एते पञ्चगुणा भूमेर्विज्ञेया द्विजसत्तमाः ॥ १४.५०.४० ॥
Sound, touch, form, taste, and the fifth, smell — these are to be known as the five qualities of earth, best of the twice-born.
14.50.41
पार्थिवश्च सदा गन्धो गन्धश्च बहुधा स्मृतः ।
तस्य गन्धस्य वक्ष्यामि विस्तरेण बहून्गुणान् ॥ १४.५०.४१ ॥
The earthly smell is always present, and smell is taught in many forms. I will tell you in detail the many qualities of that smell.
14.50.42
इष्टश्चानिष्टगन्धश्च मधुरोऽम्लः कटुस्तथा ।
निर्हारी संहतः स्निग्धो रूक्षो विशद एव च ॥ १४.५०.४२ ॥
Agreeable and disagreeable smell, sweet, sour and pungent likewise; dispersing, compact, unctuous, dry and clear as well.
14.50.43
एवं दशविधो ज्ञेयः पार्थिवो गन्ध इत्युत ।
शब्दः स्पर्शस्तथा रूपं द्रवश्चापां गुणाः स्मृताः ॥ १४.५०.४३ ॥
Thus the earthly smell is to be known as tenfold. Sound, touch, form and fluidity are recognized as the qualities of water.
14.50.44
रसज्ञानं तु वक्ष्यामि रसस्तु बहुधा स्मृतः ।
मधुरोऽम्लः कटुस्तिक्तः कषायो लवणस्तथा ॥ १४.५०.४४ ॥
Now I shall speak of the knowledge of taste. Taste is recognized in many ways: sweet, sour, pungent, bitter, astringent, and also salty.
14.50.45
एवं षड्विधविस्तारो रसो वारिमयः स्मृतः ।
शब्दः स्पर्शस्तथा रूपं त्रिगुणं ज्योतिरुच्यते ॥ १४.५०.४५ ॥
Thus taste, extended sixfold, is recognized as made of water. Light is said to have three qualities: sound, touch and form.
14.50.46
ज्योतिषश्च गुणो रूपं रूपं च बहुधा स्मृतम् ।
शुक्लं कृष्णं तथा रक्तं नीलं पीतारुणं तथा ॥ १४.५०.४६ ॥
The quality of light is form, and form is recognized in many ways: white, black, red, blue, and also yellow-red.
14.50.47
ह्रस्वं दीर्घं कृशं स्थूलं चतुरश्राणुवृत्तकम् ।
एवं द्वादशविस्तारं तेजसो रूपमुच्यते ॥ १४.५०.४७ ॥
Short, long, thin, thick, square, and small round — thus the form of fire, extended twelvefold, is declared.
14.50.48
विज्ञेयं ब्राह्मणैर्वृद्धैर्धर्मज्ञैः सत्यवादिभिः ।
शब्दस्पर्शौ च विज्ञेयौ द्विगुणो वायुरुच्यते ॥ १४.५०.४८ ॥
This is to be known by brahmins, elders, knowers of dharma and truth-speakers. Sound and touch are to be known; air is said to have two qualities.
14.50.49
वायोश्चापि गुणः स्पर्शः स्पर्सश्च बहुधा स्मृतः ।
उष्णः शीतः सुखो दुःखः स्निग्धो विशद एव च ॥ १४.५०.४९ ॥
The quality of air is also touch, and touch is said to be of many kinds: hot, cold, pleasant, painful, smooth and rough.
14.50.50
कठिनश्चिक्वणः श्लक्ष्णः पिच्छिलो दारुणो मृदुः ।
एवं द्वादशविस्तारो वायव्यो गुण उच्यते ॥ १४.५०.५० ॥
Hard, sharp, smooth, slippery, harsh and soft; thus the quality of air is said to have twelve forms of extent.
14.50.51
विधिवद्ब्राह्मणैः सिद्धैर्मन्त्रज्ञैस्तत्त्वदार्शिभिः ॥ १४.५०.५१ ॥
As prescribed, by brahmins, by the accomplished, by knowers of mantras, by seers of truth.
14.50.52
तत्रैकगुणमाकाशं शब्द इत्येव च स्मृतः ।
तस्य शब्दस्यि वक्ष्यामि विस्तरेण बहून्गुणान् ॥ १४.५०.५२ ॥
Of these, space has one quality only, sound, as it is remembered; of that sound I shall declare the many qualities in detail.
14.50.53
षड्जर्षभः सगान्धारो मध्यमः पञ्चमस्तथा ।
अतः परं तु विज्ञेयो निषादो धैवतस्तथा।
इष्टश्चानिष्टशब्दश्च संहतः प्रतिभानवान् ॥ १४.५०.५३ ॥
Ṣaḍja, ṛṣabha and gāndhāra, madhyama and pañcama; beyond these, niṣāda and dhaivata are also to be known. Agreeable and disagreeable sounds, combined and full of expression.
14.50.54
एवं बहुविधो ज्ञेयः शब्द आकाशसम्भवः ।
आकाशमुत्तमं भूतमहङ्कारस्ततः परः ॥ १४.५०.५४ ॥
Thus sound, born of space, is to be known in many forms. Space is the highest element; beyond it comes the ego-principle.
14.50.55
अहङ्कारात्परा बुद्धिर्बुद्धेरात्मा ततः परः ।
तस्मात्तु परमव्यक्तमव्यक्तात्पुरुषः परः ॥ १४.५०.५५ ॥
Higher than egoity is intellect; higher than intellect is the self. Beyond that is the supreme unmanifest, and higher than the unmanifest is the Person.
14.50.56
परावरज्ञो भूतानां विधिज्ञः सर्वकर्मणाम् ।
सर्वभूतात्मभूतात्मा यं प्राप्यानन्त्यमश्नुते ॥ १४.५०.५६ ॥
The knower of the higher and lower of beings, the knower of the rule of all actions, the self that has become the self of all beings — having attained him, one obtains infinity.