Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 3.1

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3.1.1

नारायणं नमस्कृत्य नरं चैव नरोत्तमम् ।
देवीं सरस्वतीं व्यासं ततो जयमुदीरयेत्
एवं द्यूतजिताः पार्थाः कोपिताश्च दुरात्मभिः ।
धार्तराष्ट्रैः सहामात्यैर्निकृत्या द्विजसत्तम ॥ ३.१.१ ॥

Having paid homage to Nārāyaṇa, to Nara, the best of men, to the goddess Sarasvatī, and to Vyāsa, one should then recite the Jaya. Thus, the Pārthas, defeated at dice, were angered by the wicked sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra together with their ministers, through deceit, O best of brahmins.

3.1.2

श्राविताः परुषा वाचः सृजन्तीर्वैरमुत्तमम् ।
किमकुर्वत कौरव्या मम पूर्वपितामहाः ॥ ३.१.२ ॥

When harsh words had been made to be heard, producing great enmity, what did my former grandfathers, the Kauravas, do?

3.1.3

कथं चैश्वर्यभूयिष्ठाः सहसा दुःखमेयुषः ।
वने विजह्रिरे पार्थाः शक्रप्रतिमतेजसः ॥ ३.१.३ ॥

How did the Pārthas, abounding in sovereignty, suddenly come to sorrow, and roam in the forest, equal to Indra in splendor?

3.1.4

के चैतानन्ववर्तन्त प्राप्तान्व्यसनमुत्तमम् ।
किमाचाराः किमाहाराः क्वच वासो महात्मनाम् ॥ ३.१.४ ॥

Who followed these ones who had reached such a supreme calamity? Of what conduct were the great-souled ones, of what food, and where was their dwelling?

3.1.5

कथं द्वादश वर्षाणि वने तेषां महात्मनाम् ।
व्यतीयुर्ब्राह्मणश्रेष्ठ शूराणामनिवर्तिनाम् ॥ ३.१.५ ॥

How did twelve years pass in the forest for those great-souled heroes who never turned back, O best of brahmins?

3.1.6

कथं च राजपुत्री सा प्रवरा सर्वयोषिताम् ।
पतिव्रता महाभागा सततं प्रियवादिनी ॥ ३.१.६ ॥

And how was that princess, foremost among all women, faithful to her husband, greatly fortunate, and always speaking pleasantly?

3.1.7

वनवासमदुःखार्हा दारुणं प्रत्यपद्यत ।
एतदाचक्ष्व मे सर्वं विस्तरेण तपोधन ॥ ३.१.७ ॥

She, who deserved no sorrow, met with the harsh exile in the forest. O treasure of austerity, tell me all of this in detail.

3.1.8

श्रोतुमिच्छामि तत्सर्वं भूरिद्रविणतेजसाम् ।
कथ्यमानं त्वया विप्र परं कौतूहलं हि मे ॥ ३.१.८ ॥

I wish to hear all of it about those of great wealth and splendour. O brahmin, my curiosity to hear what you tell is indeed great.

3.1.9

एवं द्यूतजिताः पार्थाः कोयिताश्च दुरात्मभिः ।
धार्तराष्ट्रैः सहामात्यैर्निर्ययुर्गजसाह्वयात् ॥ ३.१.९ ॥

Thus the sons of Pṛthā, defeated at dice and harassed by the evil-minded sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra together with their ministers, went out from Gajasāhvaya.

3.1.10

वर्धमानपुरद्वारादभिनिष्क्रम्य ते तदा ।
उदङ्मुखाः शस्त्रभृतः प्रययुः सह कृष्णया ॥ ३.१.१० ॥

Having gone out from the gate of the city Vardhamāna, they then set out facing north, bearing weapons, together with Kṛṣṇā.

3.1.11

इन्द्रसेनादयश्चैतान्भृत्याः परिचतुर्दश ।
रथैरनुययुः शीघ्रैः स्त्रिय आदाय सर्वशः ॥ ३.१.११ ॥

Indrasena and the others, fourteen servants in all, followed them with swift chariots, taking all the women along.

3.1.12

ततस्ते पुरुषव्याघ्रा रथानास्थाय भारत ।
ददृशुर्जाह्नवीतीरे प्रमाणाख्यं महावटम् ॥ ३.१.१२ ॥

Then those tigers among men, mounting their chariots, O Bhārata, saw on the bank of the Ganges the great banyan tree named Pramāṇa.

3.1.13

व्रजतस्तान्विदित्वा तु पौराः शोकाभिपीडिताः ।
गर्हयन्तोऽसकृद्भीष्मविदुरद्रोणगौतमान्।
ऊचुर्वै समयं कृत्वा समागम्य परस्परम् ॥ ३.१.१३ ॥

Seeing them depart, the citizens, afflicted with grief, repeatedly blamed Bhīṣma, Vidura, Droṇa and Gautama; having met one another and come to an agreement, they spoke.

3.1.14

नेदमस्ति कुलं सर्वं न वयं नच नो गृहाः ।
यत्रदुर्योधनः पापः सौबलेयेन पालितः।
कर्णदुःशासनाद्यैश्च राज्यमेतच्चिकीर्षति ॥ ३.१.१४ ॥

This whole family is no more, and neither are we, nor our homes — where the wicked Duryodhana, guided by Saubala (Śakuni), with Karṇa, Duḥśāsana and others, wishes to take this kingdom.

3.1.15

न तत्कुलं न चाचारो न धर्मोऽर्थः कुतः सुखम् ।
यत्र पापसहायोऽयं पापो राज्यं चिकीर्षति ॥ ३.१.१५ ॥

That family does not remain, nor conduct, nor dharma, nor wealth; where this wicked one, with wicked companions, wishes for the kingdom, whence can there be happiness?

3.1.16

दुर्योधनो गुरुद्वेषी त्यक्तधर्मः प्रियानृतः ।
अर्तलुब्धोऽभिमानी च नीचः प्रकृतिनिर्घृणः ॥ ३.१.१६ ॥

Duryodhana hates his elders, has abandoned dharma, holds falsehood dear, is greedy for wealth, arrogant, base, and pitiless by nature.

3.1.17

नेयमस्ति मही कृत्स्ना यत्र दुर्योधनो नृपः ।
साधु गच्छामहे सर्वे यत्र गच्छन्ति पाण्डवाः ॥ ३.१.१७ ॥

This whole earth is not one where Duryodhana is king; let us all go well to where the Pāṇḍavas are going.

3.1.18

सानुक्रोशा महात्मानो विजितेन्द्रियशत्रवः ।
हीमन्तः कीर्तिमन्तश्च धर्माचारपरायणाः ॥ ३.१.१८ ॥

Compassionate, great-souled, having conquered the enemies of their senses, modest, renowned, and devoted to the practice of dharma.

3.1.19

एवमुक्त्वाऽनुजग्मुस्ते पाण्डवांस्तान्समेत्य च ।
ऊचुः प्राञ्जलयः सर्वे तान्कुन्तीमाद्रिनन्दनान् ॥ ३.१.१९ ॥

Having said this, they followed after the Pāṇḍavas; meeting them, all of them with folded hands spoke to those sons of Ādri, the sons of Kuntī.

3.1.20

क्वगमिष्यथ भद्रंवस्त्यक्त्वाऽस्मान्दुःखभागिनः ।
वयमप्यनुयास्यामो यत्र यूयं गमिष्यथ ॥ ३.१.२० ॥

Where will you go? May you be well! Leaving us, who share your sorrow—wherever you go, we too shall follow.

3.1.21

अधर्मेण जिताञ्श्रुत्वा युष्मांस्त्यक्तघृणैः परैः ।
उद्विग्नाः स्मो भृशं सर्वे नास्मान्हातुमिहार्हथ ॥ ३.१.२१ ॥

Having heard that you were defeated unjustly by merciless enemies, we are all deeply agitated; it is not fitting that you abandon us here.

3.1.22

भक्तानुरक्तान्सुहृदः सदा प्रियहिते रतान् ।
कुराजाघिष्ठिते राज्ये न विनश्येम सर्वशः ॥ ३.१.२२ ॥

We, devoted, attached, and ever delighting in what is dear and beneficial to you, should not perish utterly in a kingdom ruled by a wicked king.

3.1.23

श्रूयतां चाभिधास्यामो गुणदोषान्नरर्षभाः ।
शुभाशुभाधिवासेन संसर्गः कुरुते यथा ॥ ३.१.२३ ॥

Listen, O best of men, and we shall explain the virtues and faults, as association produces effects through dwelling with the good or the bad.

3.1.24

वस्त्रमापस्तिलान्भूमिं गन्धो वासयते यथा ।
पुष्पाणामधिवासेन तथा संसर्गजा गुणाः ॥ ३.१.२४ ॥

As cloth, water, sesame and earth are scented by the dwelling of flowers, so too are the qualities born of association.

3.1.25

मोहजालस्य योनिर्हि मूढैरेव समागमः ।
अहन्यहनि धर्मस्य योनिः साधुसमागमः ॥ ३.१.२५ ॥

The source of the net of delusion is indeed the company of the deluded alone; the source of dharma, day after day, is the company of the good.

3.1.26

तस्मात्प्राज्ञैश्च वृद्धैश्च सुस्वभावैस्तपस्विभिः ।
सद्भिश्च सह संसर्गः कार्यः शमपरायणैः ॥ ३.१.२६ ॥

Therefore those intent on calm should keep company with the wise, the elders, the good-natured ascetics and the virtuous.

3.1.27

येषां त्रीण्यवदातानि विद्या योनिश्च कर्म च ।
ते सेव्यास्तैः समास्याहि शास्त्रेभ्योपि गरीयसी ॥ ३.१.२७ ॥

Those in whom there are three purities—learning, birth and conduct—are to be served; keep their company, for it weighs even more than the scriptures.

3.1.28

निरारम्भा ह्यपि वयं पुण्यशीलेषु साधुषु ।
पुण्यमेवाप्नुयामेह पापं पापोपसेवनात् ॥ ३.१.२८ ॥

Though we undertake no action, among the good of virtuous character we shall here obtain only merit, and by serving the sinful, only sin.

3.1.29

असतां दर्शनात्स्पर्शात्संजल्पाच्च सहासवात् ।
धर्माचाराः प्रहीयन्ते सिद्ध्यन्ति च न मानवाः ॥ ३.१.२९ ॥

By seeing the wicked, touching them, conversing with them and drinking with them, men's practices of dharma decline, and they do not attain success.

3.1.30

बुद्धिश्च हीयते पुंसां नीचैः सह समागमात् ।
मध्यमैर्मध्यतां याति श्रेष्ठैः श्रेष्ठत्वमाप्नुयुः ॥ ३.१.३० ॥

Through association with the base, the intellect of men declines; with the middling they attain a middling state, and with the excellent they attain excellence.

3.1.31

अनीचैर्नाप्यविषयैर्नाधर्मिष्ठैर्विशेषतः ।
ये गुणाः कीर्तिता लोके धर्मकामार्थसंभवाः।
लोकाचारेषु संभूता वेदोक्ताः शिष्टसंमताः ॥ ३.१.३१ ॥

The qualities praised in the world — those born of dharma, desire and wealth, arising from the conduct of the world, taught in the Vedas and approved by the learned — are those that come from not keeping company with the base, nor with the unrestrained, and especially not with the deeply unrighteous.