Mahābhārata · Adhyāya 3.216
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3.216.1
एवं तु सूक्ष्मे कथिते धर्मव्याधेन भारत ।
ब्राह्मणः स पुन सूक्ष्मं पप्रच्छ सुसमाहितः ॥ ३.२१६.१ ॥
Thus, O Bhārata, when the subtle matter had been told by the hunter Dharma, that brahmin, well composed, asked again about the subtle matter.
3.216.2
वृत्त्वस्य रजसश्चैव तमसश्च यथातथम् ।
वृणांस्तत्त्वेन मे ब्रूहि यथावदिह पृच्छतः ॥ ३.२१६.२ ॥
Tell me truly and properly, as they really are, the qualities of vṛtta (sattva), of rajas and of tamas, to me who here asks.
3.216.3
दृन्त ते कथयिष्यामि यन्मां त्वं परिपृच्छसि ।
एतान्गुणान्पृथक्त्वेन निबोध गदतो मम ॥ ३.२१६.३ ॥
I will tell you in order what you ask me; while I speak, understand these qualities one by one.
3.216.4
मोहात्मकं तमस्तेषां रज एषां प्रवर्तकम् ।
प्रकाशबहुलत्वाच्च सत्वं ज्याय इहोच्यते ॥ ३.२१६.४ ॥
Tamas among these has the nature of delusion, rajas is what sets them in motion; but because of the abundance of light, sattva is here said to be superior.
3.216.5
अविद्याबहुलो मूढः स्वप्नशीलो विचेतनः ।
दृर्हृपीकस्तमोध्यस्तः सक्रोधस्तामसोऽलसः ॥ ३.२१६.५ ॥
Abounding in ignorance, deluded, given to sleep, unconscious, his senses dulled, overcome by tamas, angry and lazy—this is the man of tamas.
3.216.6
सुवृत्तवाक्यो मन्त्री च यो नराग्र्योऽनमूयकः ।
विवित्समानो विप्रर्षे स्तब्धो मानी स राजसः ॥ ३.२१६.६ ॥
The counsellor of well-conducted speech, the best of men, free from envy, desiring to know, yet stiff-necked and proud—he, O sage among brahmins, is the man of rajas.
3.216.7
प्रकाशबहुलो धीरो निर्विवित्सोऽनसूयकः ।
अक्रोधनो नरो धीमान्दान्तश्चैवस सात्विकः ॥ ३.२१६.७ ॥
The man abounding in clarity, steady, free from craving, free from envy, free from anger, wise and self-controlled — he indeed is of the sattva quality.
3.216.8
सात्विकस्त्वथ संबुद्धो लोकवृत्तैर्न लिप्यते ।
यदा बुध्यति बोध्धव्यं लोकवृत्तं जुगुप्सते ॥ ३.२१६.८ ॥
But the sattva man, once awakened, is not stained by worldly conduct; when he understands what is to be understood, he despises worldly conduct.
3.216.9
वैराग्यस् च रूपं तु पूर्वमेव प्रवर्तते ।
मृदुर्भवत्यहंकारः प्रसीदत्यार्जवं च यत् ॥ ३.२१६.९ ॥
The form of dispassion arises first; pride grows gentle, and through uprightness the mind becomes serene.
3.216.10
ततोऽस् सर्वद्वन्द्वानि प्रशाम्यन्ति परस्परम् ।
न चास्यासंयमो नाम क्वचिद्भवति कश्चन ॥ ३.२१६.१० ॥
Then all the pairs of opposites are fully quieted in one another, and no lack of restraint ever arises in him anywhere.
3.216.11
शूद्रयोनौ हि जातस्य सद्गुणानुपतिष्ठतः ।
वैश्यत्वं भवति ब्रह्मन्क्षत्रियत्वं तथैव च ॥ ३.२१६.११ ॥
O brahman, one born of a śūdra womb who attends to good qualities comes to the state of a vaiśya, and likewise the state of a kṣatriya.
3.216.12
आर्जवे वर्तमानस्य ब्राह्मण्यमभिजायते ।
गुणास्ते कीर्तिताः सर्वे किं भूयः श्रोतुमिच्छसि ॥ ३.२१६.१२ ॥
For one who abides in uprightness, brahminhood is attained. All these qualities have been declared to you; what more do you wish to hear?
3.216.13
पार्थिवं धातुमासाद्य शारीरोऽग्निः कथं भवेत् ।
अवकाशविशेषेण कथं वर्तयतेऽनिलः ॥ ३.२१६.१३ ॥
Having reached the earthly element, how does the bodily fire come to be, and by what particular space does the wind keep it moving?
3.216.14
प्रश्नमेतं समुद्दिष्टं ब्राह्मणेन युधिष्ठिर ।
व्याधस्तु कथयामास ब्राह्मणाय महात्मने ॥ ३.२१६.१४ ॥
O Yudhiṣṭhira, this question was put forth by the brahmin; and the hunter explained it to that great-souled brahmin.
3.216.15
मूर्धानमाश्रितो वह्निः शरीरं परिपालयन् ।
प्राणो मूर्धनि चाग्नौ च वर्तमानो विचेष्टते ॥ ३.२१६.१५ ॥
Resting in the head, fire protects the body; and the breath, abiding in the head and in the fire, moves and acts.
3.216.16
भूं भव्यं भविष्यं च सर्वं प्राणे प्रतिष्ठितम् ।
श्रेष्ठं तदेव भूतानां ब्रह्मज्योतिरुपास्महे ॥ ३.२१६.१६ ॥
The past, the present and the future—all is established in the breath; that alone is the best among beings, and we worship that light of Brahman.
3.216.17
स जन्तुः सर्वभूतात्मा पुरुषः स सनातनः ।
मनोबुद्धिरहंकारो भूतानां विषयश्च सः ॥ ३.२१६.१७ ॥
That living being, the self of all beings, is the eternal Person; he is mind, intellect and ego, and he is also the object of beings.
3.216.18
अव्यक्तं सस्वसंज्ञं च जीवः कालः स चैव हि ।
प्रकृतिः पुरुषश्चैव प्राण एव द्विजोत्तम ॥ ३.२१६.१८ ॥
The unmanifest, the living self called by its own name, and time—he indeed is these; he is primal nature and the person, and, O best of the twice-born, he is also the breath.
3.216.19
जागर्ति स्वप्नकाले च स्वप्ने स्वप्नायते च सः ।
जाग्रत्सु बलमाधत्ते चेष्टत्सु चेष्टयत्यपि ॥ ३.२१६.१९ ॥
In the time of sleep he remains awake, and in a dream he dreams; he gives strength to those who are awake, and sets those who act in motion.
3.216.20
तस्मिन्निरुद्दे विप्रेन्द्र मृत इत्यभिधीयते ।
त्यक्त्वा शरीरं भूतात्मा पुनरन्यत्प्रपद्यते ॥ ३.२१६.२० ॥
O best of Brahmins, when that ceases, one is said to be dead; abandoning the body, the embodied self enters another.
3.216.21
एष त्वग्निरपानन प्राणेन परिपाल्यते ।
पृष्ठतस्तु समानन स्वांस्वां गतिमुपाश्रितः ॥ ३.२१६.२१ ॥
This fire is protected by apāna and prāṇa; and from behind, samāna too, resorting to its own course, protects it.
3.216.22
वस्तुमूले गुदे चैव पावकं समुपाश्रितः ।
वहन्मूत्रं पुरीषंवाऽप्यपानः परिवर्तते ॥ ३.२१६.२२ ॥
Resorting to fire at the base of the bladder and in the anus, apāna moves about, carrying urine or feces.
3.216.23
प्रयत्ने कर्मणि बले य एकस्त्रिषु वर्तते ।
उदान इति तं प्राहुरध्यात्मविदुषो जनाः ॥ ३.२१६.२३ ॥
That which alone is present in effort, action and strength — this the knowers of the inner self call udāna.
3.216.24
सन्धौसन्धौ संनिविष्टः सर्वेष्वपि तथाऽनिलः ।
शरीरेषु मनुष्याणां व्यान इत्युपदिश्ते ॥ ३.२१६.२४ ॥
The wind that dwells in every joint of human bodies, and likewise in all — this is taught as vyāna.
3.216.25
धातुष्वग्निस्तु विततः स तु वायुसमीरितः ।
रसान्धातूंश्च दोषांश्च वर्तयन्परिधावति ॥ ३.२१६.२५ ॥
The fire spread through the tissues, stirred by the wind, runs everywhere, keeping the essences, the tissues and the humours in motion.
3.216.26
प्राणानां संनिपातात्तु सन्निपातः प्रजायते ।
सोष्मा सोग्निरितिज्ञेयो योऽन्नं पचतिदेहिनां ॥ ३.२१६.२६ ॥
From the conjunction of the vital breaths arises the conjunction (sannipāta). It should be known as the fire with heat, which digests the food of embodied beings.
3.216.27
अपानोदानयोर्मध्ये प्राणन्यानौ समाहितौ ।
समन्वितस्त्वधिष्ठानं सम्यक्पचति पावकः ॥ ३.२१६.२७ ॥
Between the downward breath and the upward breath, the in-breath and the diffusing breath are established. Joined with them and resting upon them, the fire digests well.
3.216.28
अस्यापि पायुपर्यन्तस्तथा स्याद्गुदसंज्ञितः ।
स्रोतांशि तस्माज्जायन्ते सर्वप्राणेषु देहिनाम् ॥ ३.२१६.२८ ॥
Extending to the anus of this (fire) is the part called the rectum (guda). From it arise the channels (srotas) in all the vital breaths of embodied beings.
3.216.29
अग्निवेगवहः प्राणो गुदान्ते प्रतिहन्यते ।
स ऊर्ध्वमागम्य पुनः समुत्क्षिपति पावकम् ॥ ३.२१६.२९ ॥
The vital breath that carries the force of the fire is checked at the end of the rectum. Having come upward, it again throws the fire upward.
3.216.30
पक्वाशयस्त्वधोनाभ्या ऊर्ध्वमामाशयः स्थितः ।
नाभिमध्ये शरीरस्य प्राणाः सर्वे प्रतिष्ठिताः ॥ ३.२१६.३० ॥
The pakvāśaya (large intestine) lies below the navel, and the āmāśaya (stomach) is situated above it. In the middle of the body, at the navel, all the vital breaths are established.
3.216.31
प्रवृत्ता हृदयात्सर्वे तिर्यगूर्ध्वमधस्तथा ।
वहन्त्यन्नरसान्नाड्यो दशप्राणप्रचोदिताः ॥ ३.२१६.३१ ॥
From the heart all the channels proceed, spreading across, upward and downward, carrying the essence of food, impelled by the ten vital breaths.
3.216.32
योगिनामेष मार्गस्तु येन गच्छन्ति तत्परम् ।
जितक्लमासनो धीरो मूर्धन्यात्मानमादत् ॥ ३.२१६.३२ ॥
This is the path of yogins by which they go to that supreme state. Having overcome fatigue and steady in posture, the firm one should fix the self in the crown of the head.
3.216.33
एवं सर्वेषु विततौ प्राणापानौ हि देहिषु ।
तौ तावदग्निसहितौ विद्धि वै प्राणमात्मनि ॥ ३.२१६.३३ ॥
Thus in all embodied beings the breath and the down-breath are extended; know those two to be joined with fire, and know the vital breath to be in the self.
3.216.34
एकादशविकारात्मा कलासंभारसंभृतः ।
मूर्तिमन्तं हि तं विद्धि नित्यं योगजितात्मकम्।
तस्मिन्यः संस्थितो ह्यग्निर्नित्यं स्थाल्यामिवाहितः ॥ ३.२१६.३४ ॥
Know him, whose nature is the eleven modifications and who is made up of a mass of parts, to be eternal and embodied, whose self is won by yoga; and the fire established in him is always like fire placed in a pot.
3.216.35
आत्मानं तं विजानीहि नित्यं त्यागजितात्मकं ॥ ३.२१६.३५ ॥
Understand that self to be eternal, its nature won through renunciation.
3.216.36
देवो यः संस्थितस्तस्मिन्नब्बिन्दुरिव पुष्करे ।
क्षेत्रज्ञं तं विजानीहि नित्यं त्यागजितात्मकं ॥ ३.२१६.३६ ॥
Know the god who is established within it, like a drop of water on a lotus leaf, to be the knower of the field, eternal, his nature won through renunciation.
3.216.37
जीवात्मकं विजानीहि रजः सत्वं तमस्तथा ।
जीवमात्मगुणं विद्धि तथाऽऽत्मानं परात्मकं ॥ ३.२१६.३७ ॥
Know the living self, and likewise passion, goodness and darkness. Understand the living being as a quality of the self, and know the self as having the nature of the highest self.
3.216.38
अचेतनं जीवगुणं वदन्ति ।
सचेष्टते चेष्टयते च सर्वम्।
ततः परं क्षेत्रविदो वदन्ति ।
प्राकल्पयद्यो भुवनानि सप्त ॥ ३.२१६.३८ ॥
They call the non-conscious a quality of the living being. It sets all things in motion and moves itself. Beyond that, the knowers of the field speak of him who ordained the seven worlds.
3.216.39
एष सर्वेषु भूतेषु भूतात्मा न प्रकाशते ।
दृश्यते त्वग्र्यया बुद्ध्या सूक्ष्मया ज्ञानवेदिभिः ॥ ३.२१६.३९ ॥
This soul of beings does not shine forth in all beings, yet those who know knowledge see it by a foremost, subtle intellect.
3.216.40
चित्तस्य हि प्रसादेन हनति कर्म शुभाशुभम् ।
प्रसन्नात्मात्मनि स्थित्वा सुखमनन्त्यमश्नुते ॥ ३.२१६.४० ॥
Indeed, by the clarity of the mind, one destroys good and bad actions. A man whose self is clear, abiding in the self, attains endless happiness.
3.216.41
लक्षणं तु प्रसादस्य यथा तृप्तः सुखं स्वपेत् ।
सुखदुःखे हि संत्यज्य निर्द्वन्द्वो निष्परिग्रहः।
निवाते वा यथा दीपो दीप्येत्कुशलदीपितः ॥ ३.२१६.४१ ॥
The mark of clarity is that one sleeps happily, like one who is satisfied. Having abandoned pleasure and pain, free from pairs of opposites and without possessions, one shines like a lamp kindled by a skilled hand in a windless place.
3.216.42
पूर्वरात्रेऽपरे चैव युञ्जानः सततं मनः ।
लध्वाहारो विशुद्धात्मा पश्यत्यात्मानमात्मनि ॥ ३.२१६.४२ ॥
Through the early and the late night, constantly fixing the mind in concentration, eating little and pure in self, one sees the self within the self.
3.216.43
प्रदीप्तेनेव दीपेन मनोदीपेन पश्यति ।
दृष्ट्वाऽऽत्मानं निरात्मानं स तदा विप्रमुच्यते ॥ ३.२१६.४३ ॥
As if by a blazing lamp, he sees with the lamp of the mind. Having seen the self as not-self, he is then fully released.
3.216.44
सर्वोपायैस्तु लोभस् क्रोधस्य च विनिग्रहः ।
एतत्पवित्रं यञ्ज्ञानं तपो वै संक्रमो मतः ॥ ३.२१६.४४ ॥
By every means, greed and anger must be restrained. This is the purifying knowledge; this, indeed, is held to be austerity and the means of crossing over.
3.216.45
नित्यं क्रोधात्तपो रक्षेन्छ्रियं रक्षेच्च मत्सरात् ।
विद्यां मानापमानाभ्यामात्मानं तु प्रमादतः ॥ ३.२१६.४५ ॥
Always guard austerity from anger, and guard prosperity from envy. Guard learning from honor and dishonor, and guard the self from heedlessness.
3.216.46
आनृशंस्यं परो धर्मः क्षमा च परमं बलम् ।
आत्मज्ञानं परं ज्ञानं परं सत्यव्रतव्रतम् ॥ ३.२१६.४६ ॥
Kindness is the supreme dharma, and forgiveness the supreme strength. Knowledge of the self is the supreme knowledge; the vow of the vow of truth is supreme.
3.216.47
सत्यस् वचनं श्रेयः सत्यं ज्ञानं हितं भवेत् ।
यद्बूतहितमत्यन्तं तद्वै सत्यं परं मतम् ॥ ३.२१६.४७ ॥
A true word is best; true knowledge should be beneficial. That which is most beneficial to beings is held to be the supreme truth.
3.216.48
यस् सर्वे समारम्भा निराशीर्बन्धनाः सदा ।
त्यागे यस् हुतं सर्वं स त्यागी स च बुद्धिमान् ॥ ३.२१६.४८ ॥
He whose every undertaking is always free of the bonds of desire, and who offers everything in renunciation, he is a renouncer, and he is wise.
3.216.49
यदा न गुरुतां चैनं च्यावयेदुपपादयन् ।
तं विद्याद्ब्राह्मणो योगमयोगं योगसंज्ञितम् ॥ ३.२१६.४९ ॥
When attachment neither casts this one down nor brings it about, the brahmin should know that as yoga — which is non-yoga, yet is called yoga.
3.216.50
न हिंस्यात्सर्वभूतानि मैत्रायणगतश्चरेत् ।
नेदं जीवितमासाद्यवैरं कुर्वीत केनचित् ॥ ३.२१६.५० ॥
He should not harm any living being; having gone over to friendliness he should live, and having obtained this life he should make enmity with no one.
3.216.51
आकिंचन्यं सुसंतोषो निराशित्वमचापलम् ।
एतदेव परं ज्ञानं सदात्मज्ञानमुत्तमम् ॥ ३.२१६.५१ ॥
Possessionlessness, great contentment, freedom from desire, and steadiness — this indeed is the supreme knowledge; this, always, is the highest knowledge of the self.
3.216.52
परिग्रहं परित्यज्य भवेद्बुद्ध्या यतव्रतः ।
अशोकं स्थानमाश्रित् निश्चलं प्रेत्य चेह च ॥ ३.२१६.५२ ॥
Having abandoned possessions, one should be firm in vows through discernment, taking refuge in the sorrowless, unwavering state — both here and hereafter.
3.216.53
तपोनित्येन दान्तेन मुनिना संयतात्मना ।
अजितं जेतुकामेन भाव्यं सङ्गेष्वसङ्गिना ॥ ३.२१६.५३ ॥
A sage constant in austerity, self-restrained and with a controlled self — desiring to conquer the unconquered — should be unattached among attachments.
3.216.54
गुणागुणमनासङ्गमेककार्यमनन्तरम् ।
एतत्तद्ब्रह्मणो वृत्तमाहुरेकपदं सुखम् ॥ ३.२१६.५४ ॥
Unattached to merit and demerit, devoted to one single task without interval — this, they say, is the conduct of Brahman, the happiness of a single station.
3.216.55
परित्यजति यो दुःखं सुखं चाप्युभयं नरः ।
ब्रह्म प्राप्नोति सोत्यन्तमासङ्गं च न गच्छति ॥ ३.२१६.५५ ॥
The man who abandons both suffering and pleasure attains brahman and does not go at all to attachment.
3.216.56
यथाश्रुतमिदं सर्वं समासेन द्विजोत्तम ।
एतत्ते सर्वमाख्यातं किं भूयः श्रोतुमिच्छसि ॥ ३.२१६.५६ ॥
O best of the twice-born, all this, as you have heard it, has been told to you in brief. All of this has been related to you; what more do you wish to hear?